GMOs & Population Growth

• World population growth & food production

  Over the past 200 years, the human population has increased dramatically. In 1820 there were approximately 1 billion humans on earth. Today there are almost 8 billion.
• The average person also eats a lot more than the average person did in the past, and the food they eat is often more resource intensive to produce in the first place. For example meat and dairy require more resources to produce than rice or grain.
• As a result, global food production has had to increase massively over the past 200 years, and the following factors have helped make this possible:

  1. Clearing of forests and other natural lands for agriculture 
  2. Application of fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides, and other chemicals
  3. Selective breeding
  4. Genetic modification 
• Genetically modified organisms, also known as GMOs, are organisms whose genome has been modified. This normally involves the addition of a helpful gene, such as a gene to cause faster growth, or a gene that makes the organism resistant to a disease.
• Some crops have been genetically modified so that they produce toxins that kills insect pests. This means that any insects that try to feed on them will die, and so won't be able to damage them - increasing the crop yield. This also means that farmers don't have to use as much chemical pesticide.
• an example of pest resistance  is the 'Bt toxin', which is naturally produced by the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Scientists have inserted the gene for the Bt toxin into some crop species so that they produce the toxin, making them resistant to insect pests.
• Increased nutrients

  Some crops can be modified to increase the amount of useful vitamins or minerals they contain.

  For example, 'Golden Rice' has been genetically modified to produce a chemical that is converted to vitamin A in the body. This is helpful in regions of the world where vitamin A often causes deficiency diseases, such as blindness. 
• Other examples of GMOs having improved traits:

  1. Drought resistance
  2. Increased yield 
  3. Herbicide tolerance 
  4. Virus resistance 
  5. Production of specific proteins (e.g. insulin)
  6. Flood resistance 
• Mycoprotein 

  Mycoprotein is a protein made by fungi that can be used to make high protein meat substitutes for vegetarian meals. It is made by the fungus Fusarium and grown in aerobic conditions on glucose syrup.