Exam revision - Human bio

• Epithelial tissue location

  Covering and lining organs, blood vessels and glands.
• Epithelial tissue function

  Protection, secretion and absorption of materials
• Epithelial tissue key structure

  Avascular (not associated with or supplied by blood vessels)
• Avascular


  without blood vessels, no blood supply
• Epithelial tissue-Other


  Regenerates quickly
• Epithelial tissue types

  Simple cuboidal, simple squamous, simple columnar and stratified squamous.
• Connective tissue location

  Fat, blood vessels, tendons, ligaments, bones and cartilage.
• Connective tissue functions

  -Supports and holds body together

  -Stores energy (adipose tissue)

  -Transports materials (through blood)

  -Wound healing and structural repair (blood)
• Connective tissue key structure

  -Cells are separated by materials 'matrix'

  -Collagen->strength

  -Elastin-> elastic
• Connective tissue-other


  Takes time to regenerate (ie bones)
• Connective tissue types

  Blood, loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone and dense tissue.
• Muscular tissue types

  Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and smooth muscle
• Muscular tissue location


  Skeletal —> Attached to bones

  Smooth —> Walls of internal organs

  Cardiac —> Heart
• Muscular tissue functions

  Skeletal —> heat production, voluntary movement and posture.

  Smooth —> involuntary movement (digestive system, uterus)

  Cardiac —> heart contracts to pump blood.
• Muscular tissue key structures

  Skeletal —> long & thin, striated (stripes), contractile proteins, multi-nucleic and parallel.

  Smooth —> non-striated (no stripes), mono-nucleic and tapered shaped.

  Cardiac —> branched, separated by intercalated discs, mono-nucleic and striated.
• Muscular tissue- other

  Cardiac muscle —> NEVER tires, irreplaceable and is its own nerve tissue.
• Nervous tissue location

  Brain, spinal cord, nerves and peripheral system.
• Nervous tissue function

  Sends messages across the body through nerve impulses (electrochemical signal)
• Nerve impulses


  Electrochemical signals
• Nervous tissue key structures

  Made of neurons
• Neurons

  Long projectiles extending from the body of the cell.
• Nervous tissue- other

  Neurons can't be regenerated.
• Dendrites


  Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
• Animal cell organelles (17)

  Cytoskeleton, centrioles, Golgi apparatus, nucleolus, nucleus/nuclear membrane, DNA=Chromatin, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, cell membrane, vacuole, nuclear pore, microtubules, cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes and Perioxsome.
• Animal v plant cell

  No cell wall in animal cells, only cell membrane.

  Plant cell: has one BIG vacuole

  Animal cell: has multiple small vacuoles
• DNA

  Chromatin
• Mitochondria


  Membrane-bound organelle at which cell respiration takes place, releasing energy for cellular respiration.
• Golgi apparatus


  Organelle at which polypeptides, produced by the ribosome, are sent for packaging and transporting to their intended destination.
• Nucleolus


  Contains rRNA which is used to make ribosomes.
• Microtubles


  Proteins which form the cells cytoskeleton, providing structure and shape.
• Cytoskeleton


  Complex, dynamic network of interconnecting protein filaments which provide support and shape to a cell.
• Nuclear membrane/nulceus


  Structure which separates genetic material from the cells cytoplasm and other organelles.
• Chromatin


  Mixture of DNA and proteins that condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
• Lysosomes


  Membrane-bound organelle which contains digestive enzymes which break down worn cells or organelles, or invading microorganisms.
• Centrioles


  Barrel shaped organelles responsible for producing microtubules which seperate the chromosomes during cell division.
• Nucleus


  Stores genetic material.
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum


  Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes and assists in protein synthesis.
• Perioxsomes


  Small vesicles which contain enzymes that required for metabolic processes (chemical reactions)
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum


  Synthesises and processes lipids
• Nuclear pore


  A channel which controls the movement of materials into and out of the nucleus.