PURCOM FINALS

• Brainstorming is perhaps the most popular tool in generating creative and rich ideas, establishing patterns of

  ideas, developing new ways of thinking, activating background knowledge, and overcoming mental block
• Methods in Brainstorming

  ▪ Making an idea list

  ▪ Creating an idea map
• Graphic Organizers- Visual representations of concepts that help you structure information into organizational

  patterns. They present essential information and connect these pieces of information into a coherent framework.
• Principles of Effective Writing

  • Organization

  • Cohesion and Coherence

  • Language Use

  • Mechanics
• Mechanics- The technical aspect of writing, alsoknown as mechanics, should not be overlooked when writing.

  It is characterized as a set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize a composition. In

  academicand formal texts, the following should be observed.
• 1.Always use standard English

  2. Avoid contractions

  3. Avoid exclamation marks unless they are part of a direct quotation.

  4. Mention the full name of an institution or organization with the acronym in parenthesis during the first mention.

  5. Spell out numbers from zero to ten and write in figures those that are higher than ten.

  6. Use proper citations when writing texts.
• TIME-TESTED PRINCIPLES IN WRITING- Use clear and concise sentences. On average, a sentence is 18 words long.

  2. Avoid redundancies, wordiness, cliches, and hifalutin language.

  3. Avoid excessive use of “there” and “it” structures.

  4. Use precise vocabulary. Be accurate and condense lengthy phrases into fewer words.

  5. Be consistent with your pronoun’s point of view.

  6. Avoid sexist language.

  7. Use an appropriate level of formality. More formal texts use an academic tone while less formal ones usually use

  a personal or colloquial tone.
• Personal Details- include your full name and contact information

  • Career Objective/ Summary -convey your goals or highlight your experience

  • Education -list the most recent first

  • Work Experience- use action verbs for descriptive phrases and list the most recent experience first

  • Additional Information- optional part; headings could be languages, awards, achievements, skills, etc.

  • References- 2 to 3 reliable people to endorse you; could be former professor or employer
• Heading -the sender’s mailing address

  • Date -the date when the letter was written

  • Inside Address- receiver’s name, job title, and address

  • Salutation -usually begins with “Dear” and uses colon (:) at the end

  • Body- consists of the opening, middle, and closing paragraphs

  • Complimentary Close -a polite way of ending your letter; ends with a comma (,)

  • Signature -the complete name and signature of the sender
• The usual margin is one inch on all sides, particularly letters of one page length.

  • Short letters or articles of less than one page long have two-inch or one-and-a-half margins on the left and right

  sides.

  • Margins may be justified or unjustified.

  • Numbers are written as figures if they precede units of measurement.

  • Numbers are written as words when they appear first in a sentence or direct speech.
• Types of Speaking Situations

  • Interactive-participants alternately speak and listen.

  • Partially-interactive- only the speaker speaks and the feedback is the audience’s attentiveness,

  small gestures like nodding, etc.

  • Non-interactive- the audience cannot interact immediately.
• Types of Speech Styles

  • Intimate
  • Casual
  • Consultative
  • Formal
  • Frozen
• Intimate


  Private style used between close family members or individuals, language may not be shared in public
• Casual


  Common among peers and friends, uses jargon, slang, or vernacular language
• Consultative


  Standard style, uses professional or mutually acceptable language, examples are communication between teachers and students, employers and employees, doctors and patients, judges and lawyers, or presidents
• Formal


  Used in formal settings, one way communication, examples are sermons of priests and ministers, and the State of the Nation Address of the President
• Frozen


  "Frozen" in time and remains unchanged, mostly occurs in ceremonies, examples are the Preamble to the Constitution, the Lord's Prayer, and Allegiance to country or flag
• Exploratory/Informative Speech


  Provides information about history, theories, practical applications, etc. that can help the listeners understand something unknown to them or already known but not yet clearly understood
• Persuasive Speech


  Written to persuade or convince the listeners, of the validity of the speaker's argument. This might involve persuading someone to change their opinion or at the very least take into account some elements that have not been considered before
• Entertaining Speech


  Intends to captivate an audience's attention and amuse them while delivering a message. The purpose is not only to tell jokes. Neither is it the purpose of the speaker to have the audience laughing throughout the speech
• Public speaking is the process of communicating information to an audience through a

  structured, deliberate speech. It is a key skill in various domains, including education, business, politics,

  and entertainment.
• Methods of Delivery in Public Speaking

  • Impromptu: Speaking without prior preparation.

  • Extemporaneous: Speaking with some preparation but without memorizing the entire speech.

  • Manuscript: Reading a written speech verbatim.

  • Memorized: Delivering a speech from memory.
• Creating an idea list - This strategy is especially appropriate

  for textual people, or those who are

  more comfortable in processing words

  than visuals. It simply requires you to

  identify the main topic and then write

  down all related concepts below it.
• Making an idea map - Put the big idea or question at the

  center. Then, add a related idea by

  writing it down in a circle near the big

  idea, and drawing a line between the

  wo to show how the ideas are

  connected. Continue this process of

  connecting ideas until you have

  generated enough concepts.
• Venn Diagram

  This is used to compare

  and contrast ideas and

  events. This diagram uses

  two or more overlapping

  circles to show similar and

  different attributes.
• Network Tree - This is used to represent

  hierarchy classification,

  and branching. It is useful

  in showing relationships of

  scientific categories, and

  famiy trees,.
• Spider Map

  Also known as semantic

  map. This is used to

  investigate, and enumerate

  various aspects of a central

  idea,, which could be a

  concept, topic, or theme.
• Problem-Soluti

  on Map

  This is used to display the

  nature of the problem and

  how it can be solved. It

  usually contains the

  problem description, its

  causes and effects, and

  logical solutions..
• Timeline

  This is used to show the

  chronological order of

  events through a long bar

  labeled with dates and

  specific events.
• A linear timeline shows events

  that happened within a period of

  time.line -
• A comparative timeline shows two

  sets of events that happened

  within the same period of time.
• Exposition- The initial part

  where the

  characters,

  settings, and

  relationships are established
• Rising Action - The part where the

  conflict an the

  characters are

  developed.
• Climax - The highest point

  of the story where

  the major conflicts

  are confronted.
• Falling Action - The events

  immediately

  following the

  climax which lead

  to the closure of

  the conflict/s.
• Resolution - The conclusion or

  closure of the story
• Series of

  Events Chain

  This is used to show logical

  sequence of events.
• Fishbone Map

  This is used to better

  understand the causal

  relationship of a complex

  phenmenon. It shows the

  factors that cause a specific

  event or problem, as well as

  details of each cause.
• Cycle

  This is used to describe

  how a series of events

  interact to produce a set of

  results repeately.
• Persuasion

  Map

  This Is used to map out

  arguments and evidence that

  prove a viewpoint. This map is

  especially useful when

  processing persuasive or

  argumentative texts.