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• Psychoanalysis


  A general theory of personality, explaining why people develop their unique patterns of typical behavior. Created by Sigmund Freud. Theory was known as Psychoanalytic Theory.
• Psychoanalysis believes that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories
• Aim of psychoanalysis therapy

  To release repressed emotions and experiences, make the unconscious, conscious. It is only having a cathartic (ie., healing) experience can the person be helped and "cured."
• Sigmund Freud


  • Born in Freiberg, Moravia in 1856, the oldest of eight children
  • Moved to Vienna when Freud was four years old
  • Studied at a preparatory school in Leopoldstadt where he excelled in Greek, Latin, history, math, and science
  • Entered into the University of Vienna at the age of 17. Upon completion, he went on to pursue his medical degree and PhD in neurology
  • Married Martha Bernays in 1886, and the couple had six children
  • The youngest of Freud's children, Anna Freud, became an influential psychologist and ardent defender of her father's theories
• Levels of consciousness


  • 1. Conscious mind
  • 2. Preconscious mind
  • 3. Unconscious mind
• Components of the personality structure

  • 1. Id
  • 2. Ego
  • 3. Superego
• Role of the mind

  Responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions based on drives and forces
• Unconscious desires


  Motivate people to act accordingly
• Psychosexual development stages


  • Oral Stage (0-18 mos)
  • Anal Stage (18 mos - 3 yrs)
  • Phallic Stage (3-6 yrs)
  • Latent Stage (6 - 11 yrs)
  • Genital Stage (11 18 yrs)
• Rational Choice Theory


  Economic theory used in framing individual behavior to predict personal preferences and choices. Getting outcomes by using this theory provides people with the most significant benefit and satisfaction given their options. Urges to do what is beneficial to all.
• Principles of Rational Choice Theory


  • Focuses on society's aggregate behavior, revealing individuals' overall choices and preferences
  • Individual decisions are made based on their inclinations and dictates of environmental constraints
  • People act to maximize their outcomes, and get the most benefit and profit from their actions
• Proponents of Rational Choice Theory

  • Rodney Stark
  • William Stanley Jevons
  • Gary Becker
• Institutionalism


  Approach that studies formal and informal institutions and their effects on society. Views institutions as having a set of established laws, customs, and practices that manifest their existence in society, it studies how power, relations, influence, coercion, or even physical structures.
• Principles of Institutionalism


  • Society is composed of institutions, our behavior is an essential socio-cultural building block of society as they influence human behavior and create and maintain order in human interactions and communities
  • The institutionalist perspective uses various definitions to understand the phenomenon within a certain context
  • Institutions are patterns, routines, norms, rules, and schemes that govern and direct social thought and action
  • An approach to analyze how actions and thoughts penetrate into an individual's social consciousness into the social psyche
  • Determines the effects of institutions' policies and to know how it affects the societal functions
• Proponents of Institutionalism


  • David Mitrany
  • Jean Monnet
• Sex


  The biological differences between males and females
• Gender


  The sociocultural attributes associated with being a man and a woman
• Feminism


  Studies gender and its relation to power, and the role they play out in economics, polities, sexuality, race, and nationality, among others. Aims to promote gender equality, social justice, and women's rights. Tries to address the oppression of women in society and the patriarchal structure of societies.
• Patriarchy


  A social organization wherein the father or eldest male beads a society or government
• Waves of modern feminism


  • 1st wave: Women's suffrage movements which promoted their right to vote during the 1900s
  • 2nd wave: Liberation movement that began in the 60s as they campaigned for legal and social equality for women
  • 3rd wave: Began in 1992, focus on individuality and diversity
  • 4th wave: Call for an end of violence against women circulated in social media, known for the #MeToo movement
• Environment system


  Living and nonliving natural systems on our planet
• Proponents of environment system

  • Roland Werner Scholz
  • Garret Hardin
• Mary Wollstonecraft


  • An English writer, philosopher, and women's advocate. Her admiration towards human rights was written by John Locke that propelled her zeal to be conscious of women's rights.
• Human environment systems


  Interactions between human systems and the environment systems and how change affects others
• Human system


  Various institutions and activities humans created in society, Includes government policies, industrial waste management, agriculture, urbanization, culture, and tradition. Responsible for guiding people's behavior towards societal issues.
• Human and environment systems affect each other so they coexist and need one another for coevolution. Society shapes nature and that nature shapes society. Human systems can affect environmental systems by our laws and policies.
• Orientalism


  Stereotypes and generalizes Asian and Middle Eastern cultures as exotic, backward, and fundamentally different from Western cultures. Often portrays them in a negative or simplistic manner, reinforcing a sense of Western superiority and justifying colonial attitudes and policies.
• Issues of Orientalism


  • Old stereotypes about Asian and Middle Eastern cultures and the modern tendency to ignore non-Western ideas. Non-European thinkers are often studied as subjects but not recognized as creators of important theories and ideas.
• Jose Rizal


  • First systematic social thinker in Southeast Asia. Published the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, which reflected the exploitative conditions under Spanish colonial rule and examined the possibilities and consequences of revolution. His sociological theory is present in his writings.
• Isabelo Delos Reyes y Florentino


  • Prominent politician, labor worker, Filipino writer, and activist in the 19th and 20th centuries. Founder of Iglesia Independiente, an independent Philippine national church. Known as the "Father of Philippine Folklore, "Father of the Philippine Labor Movement" and the "Father of the Filipino Socialism".
• Sikolohiyang Pilipino


  Psychology rooted in the Filipinos' experience, ideas, and cultural orientation. Formalized in 1975 by the National Association for Filipino Psychology under Virgilio Enrique, also known as the Father of Filipino Psychology.
• Filipino Psychology in the Philippines exists and grows as part of the nationalist indigenization movement in the Philippines.
• Western psychology, considered universal and scientific, was introduced in schools despite being seen as insensitive to Philippine culture. This hegemony (political, economic, or military predominance or control of one state over others) is colonial psychology.
• In the 1970s, during the Ferdinand Marcos' regime, nationalist and radical sentiments among scholars had allowed colonial and Filipino psychology to merge.
• Filipino psychology and the advances in Filipinology and History's Pantayong Pananaw spearheaded by Virgilio Enriquez, Prospero Covar, and Zeus Salazar in the indigenization movement of their respective fields.
• Psychoanalysis


  A general theory of personality, explaining why people develop their unique patterns of typical behavior. Created by Sigmund Freud. Theory was known as Psychoanalytic Theory.
• Psychoanalysis believes that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories
• Aim of psychoanalysis therapy

  To release repressed emotions and experiences, make the unconscious, conscious. It is only having a cathartic (i.e., healing) experience can the person be helped and "cured."
• Sigmund Freud


  • Born in Freiberg, Moravia in 1856, the oldest of eight children
  • Moved to Vienna when Freud was four years old
  • Studied at a preparatory school in Leopoldstadt where he excelled in Greek, Latin, history, math, and science
  • Entered into the University of Vienna at the age of 17. Upon completion, he went on to pursue his medical degree and PhD in neurology
  • Married Martha Bernays in 1886, and the couple had six children
  • The youngest of Freud's children, Anna Freud, became an influential psychologist and ardent defender of her father's theories
• Levels of consciousness


  • 1. Conscious mind
  • 2. Preconscious mind
  • 3. Unconscious mind