HISTO PRELIMS

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    Created by
    Jaymarie Seballe

    Cards (217)

    • Histology
      is the study of tissues, its structure, and functions
    • Tissues

      a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit
    • Cells
      smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
      The simplest unit of living matter.
    • Extracellular Matrix
      helps cells attach to, and communicate with, nearby cells, and plays an important role in cell growth, cell movement, and other cell functions body text
    • Tissue Preparation
      Fixation
      Dehydration & Clearing
      Infiltration
      Embedding
      Trimming
      Staining
    • Fixation
      Treatment of tissue with chemical agent
      Small pieces of tissue are placed in solution of chemicals that cross-link proteins and inactivate degrative enzymes, which preserve cell and tissue structure
    • Dehydration & Clearing
      Removal of water from tissue sample
      Clearing the alcohol
    • Infiltration
      Uniformly distributing the support medium throughout the tissue
      The tissue is then placed in melted paraffin until it becomes completely infiltrated with this substance.
    • Embedding
      Infiltration of tissue sample with paraffin
    • Trimming
      Cutting a fixed tissue or organ to create a flat surface with correct orientation
    • Staining
      Applying dyes on the tissue sections to see and study patterns and physical characteristics of cells
    • Basic Dyes
      M- Methylene Blue
      A - Alcian Blue
      T- Toluidine blue
      H- Hematoxylin
    • Acid Dyes
      E- EOSIN
      O - Orange G
      A - Acid Fuchsin
    • Microscope
      an optical instrument that is used to observe tiny objects, often objects that cannot be seen at all with the naked eye
    • Different Types of Microscope
      Brightfield Microscope
      Darkfield Microscope
      Phase-Contrast Microscope
      Fluorescence Microscope
      Polarizing Microscopy
      Electron Microscopy
    • Brightfield Microscope
      Used to observe the morphology of microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and algae in unstained and stained state
    • Darkfield Microscope
      Unstained organisms are observed against a dark background
    • Phase-Contrast Microscope
      Can be used to observe unstained living organisms
    • Fluorescence Microscope
      Fluorescent dye attached to the organism
    • Polarizing Microscopy
      Allows the recognition of stained or unstained structures made of highly organized subunits
    • Electron Microscopy
      Transmission and scanning electron microscopes are based on the interaction of tissue components with beams of electrons
    • 2 types of Electron Microscope
      Transmission electron microscope
      Scanning electron microscope
    • Epithelial Tissue
      Tissue in which cells are bound tightly together, structurally, and functionally to form a sheet like or tubular structure
      It is a selective barrier that protects tissues and is often involved in absorption or secretion
      Covering, lining and protection, absorption secretion and excretion, contractility
    • Surface of Epithelium
      Apical Surface
      Lateral Surface
      Basal Surface
    • Apical Surface
      For transcytosis and pinocytosis
    • Lateral Surface
      Where the tight junctions are present
    • Basal Surface
      Exocytosis
    • CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
      Tightly packed cells
      Avascular
      Cell shows polarity
      Rest on abasement membrane
    • FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
      Protection
      Absorption
      Secretion
      Exchange
      Excretion
    • 6 types of junctions
      Zonula Adherens/ Anchoring Junctions
      Macula Adherens / Desosome
      Hemidesmosome
      Zonula Occludens/ Tight Junctions
      Gap Junctions/Communicating Junctions
      Basement Membrane
    • Zonula Adherens/ Anchoring Junctions
      Chains that mechanically binds adjacent epithelial cells
      Site of adhesion
      Transmembrane glycoprotein
    • Macula Adherens / Desosome
      Junctional type resembles a single "spot-weld"
      Disk shaped structure at the surface of one cell that is matched with an identical structure at the surface of the adjacent cell
      Transmembrane glycoprotein
    • Hemidesmosome
      Bind the cell to basal lamina
      Transmembrane protein = Integrin
    • Zonula Occludens/ Tight Junctions
      Seals to prevent the flow of materials between the cells
      Forming two functional compartments
    • Gap Junctions/Communicating Junctions
      Channel for communication between adjacent cells
      Intercellular communication
      Protein: Connexin
    • Basement Membrane
      Semi solid structure that allows the diffusion of materials from the underlying connective tissue.
      Lifeline of Epithelial cells
      Forming two functional compartments
    • Cell Adaption
      Regeneration
      Metaplasia
      Anaplasia
    • Regeneration
      Ability to replace itself
    • Metaplasia
      Adaptive transformation wherein a normal tissue is replaced by another normal tissue
    • Anaplasia
      Normal to abnormal tissue; malignant transformation
      Atrophy
      Hypertrophy
      Hyperplasia
      Metaplasia
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