key theorists (psychology)

• Carl Jung 

  • Founded analytical psychology (an idea based on the idea a person will reach their full potential)
  • Divided psyche into 3 parts: consciousness, personal unconscious, collective unconscious. 
  • Consciousness: center of this field is called ego)
  • Personal unconscious:Certain events that we have not consciously taken note of. They occurred below the threshold of consciousness
  • Collective unconscious: The shared, inherited pool of memories from our ancestors 
• Carl Jung

  • Archetypes: Universal symbols that tend to reappear over time; includes model of people, behaviours, and personality
  • Believed that humans are either introverted or extroverted
  • Four functional types: thinking (uses reasons), sensation (uses 5 senses), intuition (use perception)
  • Freud’s student
  • Can we understand ourselves as unique individuals? Or can we understand ourselves only by understanding others as well? What would Jung say? What do you say?
• B. F. Skinner 

  • Using only observable behaviour -- not concerned with mental processes
  • Operant conditioning -- rewards and punishments to achieve desired behaviour
  • “True behaviourism”
  • “The Skinner Box”

                           Rat pressing a button to get food pellets until extinction

  • The Skinner Box is an example of reinforcement stimulus 
  • Operant conditioning: A type of learning method that uses rewards and punishments to get a desired behavior
• B. F. Skinner

  • “ A failure is not always a mistake, it may simply be the best one can do under the circumstances.The real mistake is to stop trying.” 

  general public. In Toronto, the transit system introduced classical music in

  some stations to discourage people, especially youths, from hanging around

  for no reason.
• B. F. Skinner

  • What examples of operant conditioning are you aware of in your school experience?
  • Due dates, where there is a punishment for handing things in late compared to on time.
• Ivan Pavlov

  • Nobel prize winning Russian scientist who originally started his work in the digestive system 
  • Worked on dogs and with uncontrolled responses and uncontrolled stimuli in dogs
  • The dog experiment: 
  • Experimenting on how to make dogs drool
  • Took a bell and rang at the same time the dog received the food
  • The dog began to associate the sound of the bell with receiving food
  • This was called the conditional stimulus 
  • Legacy: 
  • Classical conditioning is a way majority of organisms learn to adapt 
• Ivan Pavlov

  • His work heavily influenced behaviourism by valuing experiments the objective studying of internal processes
  • “Observable behaviour can be changed by associating stimuli with one another”
  • Classical Conditioning: A type of learning that pairs a conditioned and a neutral stimulus together to make the neutral stimulus produce a particular response
• Abraham Maslow

  • “What is necessary to change a person is to change his awareness of himself.”
  • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
  • Self-actualization 
  • Defined as “the full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, potentials, etc.” 
  • Founder of Humanistic Psychology
  • “What is necessary to change a person is to change his awareness of himself.”
• Abraham Maslow

  • Maslow's hierarchy of needs states  that five categories of human needs dictate an individual's behavior. Those needs are physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.
  • Using the hierarchy of needs, what is the impact if someone loses a job? What would Maslow suggest about how to help someone recover?
• Carl Rogers

  • Considered one of the founders of humanistic psychology.
  • Developed client centered therapy
  • Used this to help social conflicts throughout the world
  • Nominated for a Nobel peace prize for his work in south africa and Ireland. 
  • “We think we listen, but very rarely do we listen with real understanding, true empathy. Yet listening, of this very special kind, is one of the most potent forces for change that I know.”
  • Compare the client-centered approach to therapy to the psychoanalytic approach. Discuss the benefits and limitations of each.
  • Real self & Ideal self
• Erik Erikson 

  • developmental tasks must be resolved during each stage of life
  • If not met, then stagnation or developmental issues occur
  • Different factors are developed during different stages (ex: birth to 1 yr trust vs mistrust
  • First to use the term identity crisis
  • ”personality, too, is destiny”
• Erik Erikson

  • Identity Crisis: A time in a teenager’s life that is filled with extreme self-consciousness as they attempt to test various roles 
  • To what degree do you believe our unconscious self influences our behavior and personality?
  • The unconscious self plays a big role in influencing behavior/personality, but it is not the only factor in determining it. 
  • According to humanistic theory, the present/future can be changed because everyone has free will.
• Albert Bandura

  • Albert Bandura is best known for his contributions to psychology, particularly in the development of social-cognitive theory and his groundbreaking Bobo Doll experiment.
  • “Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling from others.” 
  • Cognition: Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, storing, and using information. It encompasses a range of activities such as perception, thinking, reasoning, problem-solving, memory, and language.
• Albert Bandura

  • Social-cognitive learning: Social-cognitive learning is a theory proposed by Albert Bandura that emphasizes the importance of both social factors (such as observation and imitation) and cognitive processes (such as attention, memory, and motivation) in learning and behavior.
  • Latent learning: Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without any immediate change in behavior. It suggests that learning can take place without reinforcement or explicit instruction, and the acquired knowledge may only become evident when there is a need or opportunity to use it.
• Albert Bandura

  • Observational learning: Observational learning, also known as social learning or modeling, is a type of learning that occurs through observing the behaviors of others. Individuals can learn new behaviors, attitudes, or emotional reactions simply by watching others, without necessarily experiencing any direct reinforcement or punishment.
  • Experiment with kids, proving that they are heavily influenced by things around them like parents
• Albert Bandura

  • The group that was shown the violent video started acting violently towards the doll, while the group that was not shown the violent video did not choose any violent to
• Karen Horney

  • Founder of feminist psychology 
  • Did not believe that personality is highly influenced by sexual conflicts in childhoods 
  • Things that women are pushed by society and culture to depend on men in society, if they did not have a husband and children, they have a lower value in society 
  • Significant contribution to the study of neurotic disorders (mental disorders involves anxiety and fear, many contributions still valid today)
• Victor Frankl 

  • Disagreed with Maslow 
  • Came up with Logotherapy (a form of psychotherapy that tries to help a patient to recognize their aim and meaning of their own life as a human being  without accessing their medical mental wellness. )
  • He was in the concentration camp and he found that people who have something to hold on to such as families to see after they get out still have a higher survival rate.
• Elizabeth Loftus

  • Studied false memory 
  • Believed that repression is rare and the memories can be created by the power of suggestion, which is controversial
  • Did an experiment with a made-up story and 29 percent of the people said they were able to recall that memory 
  • The study showed that there are many ways that can lead to people into remembering their past, some even remember past that never happened 
  • Understanding how false memories are implanted can help psychologists understand how a person can be led to remember something that never occurred.
• Harry Harlow

  • Done tests on primates because it has the most similarities to humans 
  • Wanted to find out which is stronger, food (physical needs) or nourishment (affection)
  • Used a cloth mother and food to experiment with monkeys, found out that monkeys will choose the cloth mother over the food. Even though they had no food, they clung onto their cloth mother when they were anxious 
  • The experiment showed that infants rely on caregivers more than physical needs.
• Mary Ainsworth

  • Studied child development 
  • Infants often get attached to a caregiver to those who are familiar and responsive to their needs 
  • They use this attachment as a secure base in order to explore the environment 
  • Ainsworth found Bowlby’s work of help when she devised her Strange Situation experiment to study the quality of infant–mother attachments in the 1970s.
  • The strange situation experiment:

  an experiment that resembles a house with a living room (had one way glass mirror for observation)

  • They took notes on what happens when the caregiver is absent