biology

• Position of the main organs of flowering plants

  • Stem
  • Leaves
  • Roots
  • Flowers
• Functions of the main organs of flowering plants

  • Leaves make food in daylight (photosynthesis)
  • Leaves take in oxygen and lose carbon dioxide at night (respiration)
  • Flowers are reproductive organs
  • Stem supports the plant
  • Stem is sensitive to light and moves by bending to expose the light
  • Roots grow into the soil, hold the plant, take up water and minerals, store food

  
• Plant organs


  • Each plant organ has a job
  • The organs of a plant keep growing all through the plant's life
• Most of the plants are Flowering plants, but some are non-flowering plants
• Cactus plant

  • Doesn't have leaves - has spines for protection, green stems can make food, swollen stem stores water

  
• Mangrove plant


  • Roots project upward instead of down, can collect oxygen from the air
• Dodder plant

  • Parasitic plant, takes nutrients and water from other plants by suckers
• Position of the main organ systems in the human body

  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular system
  • Nervous system
  • Circulatory system
  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Excretory system

  
• Functions of the main organ systems in the human body

  • Skeletal system - all the bones in the skeleton
  • Muscular system - all the muscles that move the bones
  • Nervous system - controls movement of bones and muscles
  • Circulatory system - brings glucose and oxygen
  • Respiratory system - keeps the blood full of oxygen
  • Digestive system - takes in glucose
  • Excretory system - removes waste products
• Organ systems


  Groups of organs that work together
• The systems all work together and rely on each other
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)


  One way in which doctors can see inside the human body
• The main human organs

  • Brain (Nervous system)
  • Heart (Circulatory system)
  • Lungs (Respiratory system)
  • Stomach (Digestive system)
  • Large intestine (Digestive system)
  • Small intestine (Digestive system)
  • Liver (Digestive system)
  • Pancreas (Digestive system)
  • Bladder (Excretory system)
  • Trachea (Respiratory system)
  • Aorta (Circulatory system)
  • Vena cava (Circulatory system)
• Organ systems

  • Respiratory system
  • Large intestine
  • Digestive system
  • Excretory system
  • Circulatory system
• Food Production


  An important use of photosynthesis: providing energy for plants
• Nucleus


  Control centre of the cell
• Nucleus


  Contains all plans for making new cells and new animals
• Cytoplasm


  Jelly-like substance
• Cytoplasm


  All the important jobs of the cell (chemical reactions) take place
• Cytoplasm


  Using the substances from food for growing
• Cell membrane


  Outer layer of the cell
• Cell membrane


  Substances move in and out through the membrane
• Chloroplast


  • Contain chlorophyll (green pigment)
  • Absorb light energy to make food
• Vacuole


  A membrane-lined space filled with fluid (cell sap)
• Vacuole


  Contain dissolved nutrients
• Cell wall


  A tough wall around the membrane
• Cell wall


  Helps the plant to stay upright
• Single cell organisms


  • Made up of single tiny cells
  • Only about 0.01 mm across
• Multicellular organisms


  • Made up of many cells (more than one cell)
  • Human beings, trees, insects and mosses
  • All the cells make up a body are not the same
  • Specialised cells carry out different jobs
  • Have different features, can do a particular job in the body
• Cells, tissues and organs

  1. Same types of cell working together make up a tissue

  2. A tissue carries out a special job

  3. Several tissues working together form an organ

  4. Several different organs work together to carry out a specialized job in the body form an organ system
• Nerve cell (Neurone)


  • Cell body with nucleus
  • Branches to connect to many other nerve cells (dendrites)
  • Long, carry electrical messages to muscles or glands (axon)
• Red blood cell


  • Biconcave shape gives a large surface area
  • Carry oxygen to the cells
  • No nucleus to make more room for red special substance (haemoglobin) that carries oxygen

  
• Sperm cell


  • Carries genetic information to the egg
  • Specialised to get to the egg cell with its tail (by swimming)
  • Energy releasing middle region
  • Nucleus present in the head
  • Break into the egg with its head (using enzyme)
• Ciliated epithelium cell


  • Covered with tiny hair-like cilia
  • Beat to move things about the body
  • Use lots of energy
• Plant organs


  1. Made up of specialised cells organized into tissues

  2. Several tissues work together to form the organ
• Transport tissues in roots, stems, leaves and flowers

  • Xylem transports water
  • Phloem transports sugars (foods)
• Cells for making food

  • Plants make their own food (Photosynthesis)
  • Green parts of plants (leaves and stems)
  • Special green structures (Chloroplast contain chlorophyll)
  • Capture energy from the Sun
  • Needed by the plant to make sugar
  • Leaves cells contain many chloroplasts make palisade tissue
  • Most of the photosynthesis takes place
• Root hair cells

  • Close to the tips of growing roots
  • Take a lot of water and minerals
  • Help to take more water
  • Microscopic hairs
  • Have a very large surface to take in water
  • Found close to the transport tissue in the root