global development

• what is development?


  an improvement in quality life for the population of a country
• what is social development?

  changes which positively impact the populations quality of life
• what is economic development?

  an increase in a countries wealth
• what is political development?

  freedom for people to have a greater say who governs the country
• what factors contribute to human development? (6)

  social, economic, technological, cultural, food and water security

  
  

  FESTCW
• What economic factors contribute to human development?

  - personal wealth/ income

  - economy growth

  - cost of living

  - employment rate

  - job security

  
  

  PIECEJ
• what social factors contribute to human development?

  - access to health care

  - education

  - housing

  - recreation
• what technological factors contribute to human development?

  - electricity

  - internet access

  - improved farming./ industry machinery
• what cultural factors contribute to human development?

  - democracy

  - work-life balance

  - traditional to imported culture balance
• how does food security impact human development?

  an imbalance between food consumption and food production means many countries lack food security

  - they lack availability of enough food all the time

  - they lack access to enough of the right food to stay healthy

  - they lack knowledge to make best use of what they have
• how does water security impact human development?

  safe water improves people's lives as they are no longer ill to work, children can go to school and women can work instead of spending all day fetching water.

  1 in 9 people in the world do not have access to safe water
• how is development measured? (4)

  GDP, HDI, CPI, measures of inequality
• what is GDP?


  gross domestic product is the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year.
• how is GDP calculated?

  dividing the GDP of a country by the population to give GDP per capita
• what are the limitations of GDP? (2)

  1. data does not show everything and is not always accurate e.g. it doesn't include cash economy

  2. it only tells you how developed a country is economically- not socially or politcally.
• what is HDI?


  human development index
• how is HDI calculated?

  the HDI puts together a country's:

  - GNI (gross national income)

  - life expectancy

  - average years of schooling

  - expected years of schooling for children of school entering age

  in order to produce an indicator of the country's development.
• what are limitations of HDI?

  all the measurements are an average so it doesn't show personal development
• what is CPI?


  corruption perception index grades the quality of governments from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean) as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys
• what does 0 on the CPI mean?

  high levels of political corruption which leads to exploitation, inequality and poverty therefore low levels of development
• what are limitations of CPI?

  it is only a "perception" as corruption is hidden and therefore easy to hide.
• what are measurements of inequality?

  inequality measurements are often based on the distribution of income and economic inequality among people living in a country or area
• what is a way of measuring inequality?

  the gini coefficent is expressed as a ratio from 0 to 1 where 0 means everyone has the same income and there is no inequality and 1 means one person has all the income and there is complete inequality.
• what are global patterns of development?

  - higher GDP per capita in northern hemisphere of countries.

  - highest found in north america and much of europe with australia being an exception

  - lower GDP found in southern hemisphere

  - mostly concentrated in africa, with a few asian exceptions such as afghanistan
• what are the UK variations of development?

  - in london and south east england, people usually have a higher standard of living as they are close to the capital so there are more jobs and built up areas

  - london has the highest GDP£21, 446(above average)

  - northern ireland has lowest GDP£13, 902(below average)
• chloropleth map


  advantages:

  - easy to see and compare data, shows averages of all data, clearly shows a pattern

  disadvantages:

  - intervals could range more, areas with no data, run out of colours, smaller intervals for better comparisons needed
• what factors influence global inequalities?

  physical, historical and economic
• what physical factors influence global inequalities?

  - climate

  - landlocked v coastal

  - natural resources

  - natural hazards
• how does climate impact global inequalities?

  countries that have average rainfall and moderate temperatures are able to support their populations with food and water

  -sudan and egypthave bad growing climates

  -the uk and northern europehave a good growing season
• how does landlocked v coastal countries impact global inequalities?

  countries that do not have a coastline may have difficulties trading goods and therefore rely on the goodwill of their neighbours to allow them to transport goods

  -congois landlocked

  -france and the ukare on the coastline
• how do natural resources impact global inequalities?

  - resources such as minerals and fossil fuels can generate high revenue which can be spent on development projects

  - incongothere are arguments over resources

  -saudia arabiahas good access to oil

  -ukhas good access to coal
• how do natural hazards impact global inequalities?

  - flood, tectonic activity, droughts and hurricanes can divert money for development

  -the philippines, namibia and caribbean all suffer from natural hazards
• what historical factors have influenced global development?

  - colonialism

  - trade

  - politics
• how has colonialism impacted global inequalities?

  - european powers such as theUK, france, holland and spainexpanded their territories around the world and imposed unfair trading restrictions in these countriesindia, cameroon and liberia
• how has trade impacted global inequalities?

  - some countries do not trade e.g.north korea
• how has politics impacted global inequalities?

  - countries with stable governments develop more quickly

  - if countries are at war, more of their income will be spent on the military rather than development

  - corruption can also be a major factor in development as money may be diverted from development schemes to go into the pockets of those who rule the country

  - e.g.syria and iraq
• what economic factors influence global inequalities?

  - world trade

  - foreign investment

  - social investment

  - infrastructure

  
  

  WIFS
• how has world trade impacted global inequalities?

  - neo-colonialism; less economically developed countries still tend to sell primary products and materials to more economically developed countries where they are processes and manufactured and sold for a higher value
• how has foreign investment impacted global inequalities?

  - open economies that encourage other foreign companies to invest in their countries e.g.USA
• how has social investment impacted global inequalities?

  countries that have invested in education and healthcare have generally developed faster. as the countries develop, fertility rates decline as more woman are educated about birth control e.g.uk