india case study

• describe the location of india?

  - situated north of the equator

  - part of the continent asia

  - land area of3.3million km²

  -7th largestcountry in the world

  - much of india forms a peninsula which divides the indian ocean into thearabian seaand thebay of bengal

  - surrounded bybangledesh, burma, bhutan, nepal and pakistan
• describe indias regional political context:

  - india is the largest country in the indian subcontinent

  - the location of india means that it's surrounded by emerging countries which have undergone rapid development, providing an example to how india could become more globalised

  - this motivates india to develop economically
• describe india's global political context

  - india is a member of international organisations e.g.world trade org and united nations

  - second most populated country in the world-1.3 billion

  - worlds largest democracy
• describe indias regional social context

  - population is divided over29 states

  - rajasthan: largest state

  - goa: smallest state

  - society is organised through social ranks calledcasteswhich is based on social conception leading to inequality and hierarchy
• describe india's global social context

  - over20 million diasporalocated in approximated 100 countries

  - this promotes globalisation and economic development

  - as these people return bulk moneyUS$72billion in 2014which helps with development
• describe indias regional cultural context

  -over 80%of india is hindu
• describe indias global cultural context

  -third largest islamicpopulation in the world

  - india's film industry, bollywood. make1600films a year seen by2.7 billionpeople
• environmental context


  - india has 2 monsoon seasons- north east monsoon occurs in cool seasons & south west monsoon occurs in warmer seasons

  - this helps development because it provides matter for supply and farming, meaning a higher crop and meat yield so greater profit

  - however monsoons can cause flooding meaning money is drawn out of the economy in order to repair damage
• describe the pattern of GDP distribution over india

  - overall uneven

  - in general, the most advanced states are in the north west and westernmost and southernmost regions
• what is the difference between core and periphery states?


  core: most economically advanced

  periphery: lower development
• why do periphery regions tend to have lower development? and give two examples where:

  difficult physical environment

  >> rajasthan is a desert

  >> utter pradesh is mountaneous

  - both have a low GDP
• describe the development in mumbai (core)

  - mumbai isindia's largest cityand the wealthiest in the country which accounts for7% of the country's GDP.

  - dynamic industries have created high volume exports and attracted a range of economical activities, bringing wealth and creating jobs.

  - the city has attracted migrants from all over India resulting in a very high population density and intense pressure on living conditions.40% of the city's householdsare inslums.
• describe the development in bihar (periphery)

  - bihar has a population ofover 100 millionand is themost densely populatedstate in India.

  - the state's population grew by25%between 2001 and 2011. a high fertility rate resulted in a large young dependent population.

  - many live in poverty and80% of the population is rural and employed in agriculture, therefore incomes are low and there is limited manufacturing.

  - the state sector dominates employment; the private sector is very limited in bihar which has led30.7% of people migrating out for better jobs.
• what are reasons for bihar's low levels of development?

  - poor government and independence,

  - poor development of infrastructure

  - lack of investment in healthcare and education,

  - lack of FDI
• GDP core v periphery

  goa (core):140,000indian rupees

  bihar(periphery): below40,000indian rupees
• life expectancy core v periphery

  kerala (core): 75

  assam (periphery): 62
• literacy rate core v periphery

  kerala (core): 94%

  bihar (periphery): 64%
• female literacy rate core v periphery

  kerala(core): 94%

  rajasthan (periphery): 53%
• what are the four economic sectors?


  primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
• what are the sectoral changes in india for the primary sector:

  increased mechanisation and industrialisation meant the contribution of agriculture to Indias GDP decreased from58% in 1947 to 26%
• what are the positive impacts of the primary sector change?

  less of a reliance on crops for money so environmental disasters e.g. from the monsoon seasons have less of an impact
• what are the negative impacts of the primary sector change?

  - encouraged a rapid rise in rural to urban movement which led to poorly built shanty towns that lack basic services and healthcare, for example40% on mumbai live in slums

  - family values tend to break down in rural areas as younger generations move to towns. indias society is strong based on family value service and can be seen as a negative result of development
• what are the sectoral changes in india for the secondary sector?

  2% increase since 1980: from16.8 to 18.4%
• what are the positive impacts of the secondary sector change?

  the small increase in jobs has meant more families can be supported as an income can be received
• what are the negative impacts of the secondary sector change?

  - population density increases because there are more people who want jobs leading to a pressure on housing

  - air pollution increases
• what are the sectoral changes in india for the quaternary sector?

  6% increase

  from0.1%to6%
• what are the positive impacts of the quaternary sector change?

  although the % increase is small

  - the rapid growth of the quaternary sector mainly due to the fastest growingtelecom marketsin the world has meant that increased investment from TNCs has created over1 million ICT jobs.

  - this has not only helped development but has meant that india now has a highly trained workforce with an international reputation.

  - from this, india's economy has risen with a rising GDP in the tertiary sector from45.8% to 61% since 1981.
• what are the negative impacts of the quaternary sector change?

  encouraged a rapid rise in rural to urban movement which led to poorly built shanty towns that lack basic services and healthcare, for example40% on mumbai live in slums
• explain indias history with trade from the 1990s until present


  - until the early 1990s, India was a closed economy with tariffs on imports and other restrictions.

  - as india became integrated into the global economy, the volume exports and imports increased to over$370 billion

  - in 2014 india wasranked 19thin the world forexporting merchandise
• what are india's key imports? (4)

  crude oil, gold, silver, electrical goods
• what are india's key exports? (3)

  oil, jewellery, gems
• explain india's history with aid and what it is like at present

  - historically india was a receiver of foreign aid

  - most aid india receives goes to the poorest areas to improve infrastructure

  - as it has become more developed india now spends$1.3 billionon aid to help other countries e.g.bhutan, maldives & nepal

  - which is twice what it receives in foreign aid

  - this encourages aid to be given as it shows the success of it
• explain how public investment has helped india develop

  - investment by the government in areas such as education, health, housing and transport have helped india develop

  - many people work in india's public sector which is a very large employer in india (bigger than the UK and the US)
• explain how private investment has helped india's development

  - investment by TNCs and smaller businesses especially in the technology sector

  - recent economic developments have led toFDI rising to $34400 million in 2014
• what is the current population of india?

  1.3 billion
• what has been the population percentage increase since 1990?

  68%
• what was the population in 1985 compared to now?

  1985:782 million

  2015:1.3 billion
• why has the population changed in india?

  - in 1990, birth and infant mortality rates were high

  - there was a low life expectancy

  - by 2010, birth rate decreased and life expectancy increased

  - the economically active population had risen

  - this was due to improved healthcare and more knowledge about family planning so more people survived and there were less infant mortalities
• how much has life expectancy changed by?

  from38.8to68.8in one generation (still lower than the UK being80.8)
• explain how india introducing family planning has influenced population structure

  in1952india became the first developing country to introduce policies to reduce fertility and provide family planning so the birth rate fell, increasing the economically active population, helping the economy