Cognitive Development Theory (Jean Piaget)

• The cognitive structure by which individuals intellectually adapt to and organize their environment; prior knowledge; way to understand or create meaning about a thing or experience. Schema
• Basic Cognitive Concept

  schema

  assimilation

  accommodation

  equilibration
• the process of fitting new experience into an existing created schema

  assimilation
• the process of creating new schema; alter, modify & correction - accommodation
• balance between assimilation and accommodation - equilibration
• Stages of Cognitive Development: SPCF

  • sensorimotor
  • pre-operational
  • concrete operational
  • formal operational
• Stage when a child initially reflexive in grasping, sucking, and reaching becomes more organized in his movement and activity. Focuses on the prominence of the senses and muscle movement. sensorimotor
• provide a rich and stimulating environment with appropriate objects to play with. sensorimotor
• ability attained in this stage where he knows that an object still exists even when out of sight - object permanence
• In this stage, the preschoolers represent the word symbolically. Pre-operational
• the ability to represent objects and events; water bottle represents airplane etc. - symbolic function
• Me-centered; only see his point of view and assume that everyone else also has his same point of view. egocentrism
• Child only focus on one thing or event and excluded other aspect - centration
• the INABILITY to realize that some things remain unchanged despite looking different; confuse of appearance - lack of conservation
• pre-operational children still have the inability to reverse their thinking.

  irreversibility
• the child will give life to the inanimate object - animism
• believing that psychological event such as dreams are real. - realism
• the belief that natural events are man-made. articifialism
• errors in cause-effect relationship eg. the mother asked their children why it is evening then the child replied, " because my daddy will go home". transductive reasoning
• This stage is characterized by the ability of the child to think logically but only in terms of concrete object; covers the elementary years; real object. - concrete
• the ability of the child to perceive the different features of objects and situations - decentering
• operations can be done in reverse - reversibility
• ability to know that certain properties of objects like number, mass, volume or area do not change even if there is a change in appearance. - conservation
• ability to arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as weight, volume, size, etc. - seriation
• ability to group or classify things according to one dimension/aspect. -classification
• from specific to general eg. inductive reasoning
• Thinking becomes more logical. They can now solve abstract problems and can hypothesize. - Formal operational
• Mnemonics for Formal Operational stage (HAD)

  Hypothetical

  Analogical

  Deductive
• ability to come up with different hypothesis about a problem and weigh data to make judgment; WHAT IF Question?

  hypothetical reasoning
• ability to reason from the general to the particular;

  example:

  Dolphin is a mammal

  Mammal has kidney

  Therefore, dolphin has kidney

  
  

  answer: DEDUCTIVE REASONING
• ability to perceive the relationship in one instance and use that relationship to narrow down possible answer in similar problems; eg. Freud is to 5; Erikson is to 8.

  analogical