Biology unit four (animal systems)

• The three functions of the digestive system are:

  1. Break down nutrients
  2. Absorb nutrients
  3. Get rid of wastes
• Nutrients are chemicals required for life. They are categorized into micronutrients and macronutrients.
• The six nutrients are:

  (Macro)

  Carbohydrates

  Lipids

  Proteins

  Nucleic acids

  
  

  (Micros)

  Vitamins

  Minerals
• Carbohydrates are made of C, H and O. They are major energy molecules and polymers. The subunits are called monosaccharides. An example is glucose.

  Polysaccarides

  1. Starch
  2. Glycogen
  3. Cellulose
• Lipids are made of C, H and O but have less O than carbs. They are insoluble in water. The four types are:

  1. Fats (white fat and brown fat)
  2. Oils
  3. Phospholipids
  4. Sterols
• Proteins are major structural molecules that comprise about 60% of your dry weight. Some functions are immune proteins and enzymes. They are made of C, H, O and N (Also some S and P) and are polymers made of monomers called amino acids, of which there are 20 types. Of the 20 amino acids, 8 are essential. A complete protein has all 8. (Ex. any meat and some plants like legumes. )
• Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions and are reusable. Enzymes are made of protein and their shape is critical to their function. They are very specific (one enzyme for one chemical reaction. )
• Digestive system steps

  1. Mouth (Teeth, tongue, salivary glands)
  2. Throat (Pharynx)
  3. Epiglottis
  4. Esophagus
  5. Stomach
  6. Small intestine
  7. Appendix
  8. Large intestine
  9. Rectum
  10. Anal sphicter
• Requirements for respiration

  1. Enough surface area
  2. Transport of gases
  3. Moist surface
  4. Protection
• Structures of respiration

  1. Diffusion
  2. Gills
  3. Tracheae
  4. Lungs
• Respiratory system steps:

  1. Nasal chamber
  2. Internal nares
  3. Pharynx
  4. Glottis
  5. Larynx
  6. Trachea
  7. Paired Bronchi
  8. Lungs
  9. Alveoli
• Heart steps:

  1. Right atrium (Blood is collected from the body from the superior and inferior vena cava)
  2. Go through valve to right ventricle (Strong part)
  3. The blood is pumped through another valve into pulmonary artery
  4. Blood enters through pulmonary veins and enter left atrium
  5. Pass through valve to left ventricle
  6. As heart contracts move through valve into aorta
  7. Aorta branches into other arteries and is eventually collected into the vena cava again
• Blood pressure is expressed as a fraction. 120/80 is an average reading.

  The top number is systolic pressure. This is when the heart is contracting.

  The bottom number is diastolic pressure. This is when the heart is relaxed.