Nutrition

• The four macronutrients are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Also water.
• The two micronutrients are vitamins and minerals.
• The three types of carbohydrate polysaccharides are:

  1. Starch (Plant energy storage molecule)
  2. Glycogen (Animal energy storage molecule)
  3. Cellulose (Plant structural molecule. Fibre. Fibre is indigestible but critical for intestinal health. )
• The two types of fats (type of lipid) are:

  White fat (energy storage that stores twice the energy of carbs.)

  Brown fat ( heat insulation.)
• Glycerols are a type of fat.

  2 fatty acid tails are called diglycerides.

  3 fatty acid tails are called triglycerides.
• Saturated fats have single bonded carbons in their tails. This leads to poor flow in blood which clogs arteries.
• Unsaturated fats/oils have at least one double bond in their tails, so they have better flow.

  This makes them better, because they are less likely to clog arteries.
• Oils are a type of lipid that are liquid at room temperature. They are gotten from plants.
• The types of lipids are:

  1. Fats
  2. Oils
  3. Phospholipids
  4. Sterols
• Phospholipids have a phosphate stuck on the front. They make up your cell membrane.
• Sterols are circular lipids that are found in hormones.
• Proteins are major structural molecules that make up about 60% of your dry weight. They have many functions, for example structure, hair/nails(keratin), enzymes, etc.

  They are made of C,H,O and N (Also some S and P) and are polymers.

  They are made of monomers called amino acids.

  There are 20 types of amino acids. They are the same in all life, only their order differs.

  Proteins are made of:

  1. a central carbon
  2. a hydrogen
  3. An "amino" group
  4. A "carboxyl" acid group
  5. a remainder group

  8 of the 20 amino acids are essential and must be eaten. They can't be made. A "complete protein" has all 8.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body and are reusable.

  Enzymes are proteins and their shape is critical to their function.

  They are very specific (One enzyme for each chemical reaction)