regen case studies

• LIVERPOOLS ECONOMY

  • central Liverpool is one of the UK's largest cities - was a major port for global trade and centre of manufacturing between the 18th and mid 20th century
  • during this time, the city grew and attracted immigrants from all around the world
  • docks and factories declined in the 1960's leading to large scale deprivation
  • recently, Liverpool attracted lots of investment and chosen as European capital of culture in 2008
• LIVERPOOLS ECONOMIC VARIATION

  • central Liverpool has a high proportion of workers in managerial and professional occupations and a low proportion of workers in skilled trade and elementary occupations
  • this reflects the decline of the docks and manufacturing employment, and the rise of employment in the service sector - much of the redevelopment works in the city centre has focussed on the creation of office spaces
• SUCCESSFUL PLACES - SAN FRANSISCO - California

  • city of over 800,000 people
  • began as a mining territory and grew quickly during the gold rush of mid 1800's where people rapidly migrated
  • to service gold rush large banks and financial offices were set up in the city attracting investors and other service development
  • development of pacific railroad allowed more goods to be imported/exported out of city
  • recent years- became competitive in high tech industries such as apple (headquarters in Silicon Valley) - high income earners have gentrified the area - become unaffordable for local workers
• UNSUCCESSFUL PLACES - DECLINE OF THE RUST BELT

  • NE USA witnessed large scale decline since 1950's
  • Detroit was a booming centre of us car industry in 1920-1960
  • people migrated there from all over the country and were attracted by good wages and high quality of life
  • however overseas competition from Asia led to automation in Detroit - 296,000 jobs lost
  • affluent workers migrated out of city to seek better opportunities and Detroit entered spiral of decline
  • 2013 - city declared bankrupt - debts of over $18 billion - however slow economic recovery is happening through private investment
• FOREIGN INVESTMENT - LONDON REAL ESTATE

  • London is one expensive city as it is a global hub and attracts businesses from all over the world
  • between 2014-2016, foreign investors purchased many newly built homes in the capital
  • overseas investors bought 13% of newly built properties in that period, 15% of which were companies situated in offshore tax havens
  • most investment now comes from Asia making up 61% of foreign buyers
  • 78% of flats were bought by foreign investors
• INWARD INVESTMENT - SCIENCE PARKS

  • liverpool science park is located in Liverpools knowledge quarter
  • it is a group of new offices, laboratories and a hospital that are available to smaller enterprises aswell as global communities.
  • knowledge quarter works closely with universities in liverpool
• CONTROVERSIAL REGENERATION PROJECT - 2012 OLYMPIC PARK

  London 2012 olympic bid claimed that it would transform Stratford through regeneration, however when plans were released for the park, community was not impressed

  • clays lane housing cooperative is a group of affordable homes built in 1977. the olympic plans required lays lane homes to be acquired using a purchase order for builders to demolish them, evicting up to 450 residents
  • residents protested but authorities moved them into homes in poorer conditions with £8500 in compensation
• SPORTS LED REGENERATION - LONDON OLYMPICS

  • olympic stadium, aquatic centre and velodrome is still available for the public to use today
  • olympic village converted into 2800 flats, new office buildings and restaurants
  • Westfield was also opened
  • transport for London has enlarged and upgraded train services to connect Stratford to central London
• Outdoor Pursuits - Kielder Water and Forest Park an 'outdoor nature playground'

  • Kielder is a very remote village in Northumberland. 1930s, large coniferous plantation built and a 11 km long reservoir in 1975
  • Attracts 350,000 visitors annually - walking, fishing, birdwatchers, stargazers, archery, mini golf
  • Red squirrels and ospreys
  • Observatory for Dark Skies to attract astrotourism
• FARM DIVERSIFICATION

  The Milkhope Centre in Northumberland (with a farm shop, coffee shop, butchers, gallery, stone gallery) is located about 8 km north of Newcastle in an accessible rural area, old farm buildings have been repurposed to diversify into a range of retail units, some selling specialised products such as outdoor clothing and organically produced meat and vegetables. 
• REBRANDING - GLASGOW

  1990's glasgow had an image problem. city was starting to develop through infrastructure projects and more cultural events but people still saw city as suffering from economic difficulties of 1970's and 1980's

  2004 - glasgow launched 'Scotland with style campaign' - slogan aimed to promote cit as diverse and modern - celebrated cities connections to people like designer Charles Rennie mackintosh. within first 2 years, attracted £23million in visitor revenue from campaign
• SALFORD DOCKLANDS

  • 1980's salford docks was dominated by derelict warehouses and infrastructure associated with former industrial ports redevelopments included Lowry theatre and gallery aswell as the imperial war museum. BBC and ITV acquired studio spaces as part of the £550 million media city development (Salford Quays). most people agree there has been a visual improvement but post-modern architecture now dominates the skyline and important buildings from Manchesters industrial heritage have been lost. many apartments are too expensive for local residents - 2 bedroom flat is £400,000
• SENSE OF PLACE - MARGATE

  • physical characteristics - distinctive coastal landscape, with long sandy beaches.nhas many well preserved victorian buildings such as the turner art gallery which is housed in a refurbished 1930s building - contemporary take on historical architecture
  • social and cultural characteristics - thriving arts and cultural scene - numerous galleries, exhibitions and festivals e.g margate festival celebrates diversity + heritage
  • unique diversity - history of immigration (national and international) which has made a diverse community with different languages and traditions
• SENSE OF PLACE - TONBRIDGE

  history is shaped by medieval history with evidence of settlements in the area from as early as 6th century

  • historical significance - Tonbridge castle built in 11th century which remains a prominent feature of the town
  • physical landscape - located on river medway, towns locate on a hill provides scenic views of countryside. river provides natural boundary to the town creating a sense of enclosure
  • cultural heritage - traditional arts and culture reflected in the towns numerous festivals, exhibitions and events e.g farmers markets and Tonbridge art trail
• FUNCTION OF TONBRIDGE OVER TIME - changed its functions to reflect the changing needs of its residents and society

  PAST - Tonbridge primarily an agricultural town with a large proportion of its residents working in farming and related industries. during Industrial Revolution, saw a growth in industries such as textiles, engineering and paper making - town expanded and urbanised

  20th CENTURY - commuter town as London is accessible by the railway. most residents work in London, while others work in towns growing service sector. recent years, seen growth in areas such as retail and tourism
• FUNCTION OF MARGATE OVERTIME

  19th CENTURY - margate = popular tourist destination known for its sandy beaches, pier and attractive architecture. was a popular destination for the wealthy. tourism grew through transport improvements such as the arrival of the railway in mid 19th century making it accessible from london

  20th CENTURY - decline as a tourist population from competition from other seaside resorts and the great depression

  RECENTLY - resurgence of tourism in the town, aswell as in-migration from people seeking job opportunities in the creative sector.
• TONBRIDGE VS MARGATE

  LIFE EXPECTANCY : 85 YEARS TONBRIDGE 73 YEARS MARGATE -lowest life expectancy in Kent

  SCHOOLS : 4 SECONDARY SCHOOLS MARGATE 17 SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TONBRIDGE - includes some of the most prestigious schools such as Tonbridge private school

  UNEMPLOPYMENT : TONBRIDGE 2.6% MARGATE - 3.8%

  INCOME - AVERAGE INCOME IN MARGATE IS £27,000, TONBRIDGE AVERAGE INCOME IS £41,000
• CONTESTED RURAL REGENERATION - Balmedie is a traditional farming area in Scotland 2006 - Trump bought Menie Estate in Balmedie - planned to invest £1 billion creating a luxury golf resort employing 1200 people a luxury hotel opposition was extensive:

  • Local groups such - 'Tripping up Trump' were set up to oppose the plans, farmers refused to sell land despite being offered £450,000

  2007 - Aberdeenshire Council turned down planning application, but was approved in 2008 by Scottish Government.

  2016 - Trump International Golf Links employed 95 people and some parts of the development have begun
• • HS2​ is a proposed high speed rail network which would connect London to Birmingham and then to Manchester and Leeds. The project is expected to cost £43 billion, but so far the project has gone over budget. It’s aim is to reduce travel times and improve connectivity between the North and South of England. An estimated 60,000 jobs are expected to be created​.
• • Lack of social housing​ - Margaret Thatcher’s ‘Right to Buy’ scheme large amounts of social housing was bought by their occupants for considerably less than their market value. Millions of houses were sold under this scheme but too few houses were built to replace them. Now people who would previously have been placed in social housing (housing owned by the government) where they would pay low rent are put in private housing. In 2017 the government spent £25b on housing benefits which is 10% of the entire welfare budget.