ATP Water ions

• Structure of ATP


  Stands for Adenosine triphosphate

  contains 3 phosphate groups

  a nitrogenous containing base

  and a ribose sugar
• Why is atp important

  Energy released during respiration is transferred to ATP

  ATP is small and soluble and provide short term chemical energy to cells that can use it for work

  Hydrolysis can be carried out quickly to release energy

  ATP noT stored for long so frequently used and remade
• hydrolysis of ATP

  hydrolysed into ADP and a inorganic phosphate group

  catalysed by ATP hydrolyse .

  hydrolysis releases energy to cells ADP can be further hydrolysed to release energy

  inorganic phospahte ion can phosphorylate other compounds makeing them more reactive

  ATP can be reformed from ADP and phosphate so can be reused elsewhere
• Why is water a Important solvent

  Polar molecule so many ions can dissolve in it and it allows chemical reactions to occur in cells and metabolites can be transported around efficiently
• importance of water high specific heat capacity

  has a high specific heat capacity so can absorb and lose large amounts of energy without changing temperature providing stable habitats and maintaining optimum temperatures in body for enzymes
• advantage of water having high latent heat of vaporisation 


  as it absorbs large amounts of heat and takes it away which acts as a cooling mechanism for organisms as it leaves the skin
• why is water cohesion important

  hydrogen bonds between molecules creat cohesion and this creates surface tension and animals can use surface tension to creat habitat
• why is adhesion important in water

  adhesion allows other water molecules to stick together and this enables them to move up xylem in transpiration
• what are inorganic ions

  ions that do not contain a carbon atom
• why are hydrogen ions important

  hydrogen ions are protons

  concentration of H+ determines ph

  important for enzyme controlled reactions
• importance of ion ions

  can bind to oxygen in haemoglobin and transport it around cells

  also transfer electrons during respiration and photosynthesis
• importance of sodium ions

  Na+ is required for transport of glucose and amino acids across cell surface membranes in small intestines

  they enter by co transport with sodium ions that are actively transported
• importance of phosphate ions 


  PO4ˆ3+ attach to other molecules to form phosphate groups which are essential in DNA RNA and ATP

  in DNA and RNA it allows individual nucleotides to join up

  In ATP bonds between groups store energy
• importance of calcium Ions

  Ca2+ is essential in movement , in synapses it regulates transmission from neurone to neurone

  it stimulates muscle contractions

  regulates protein channels which affect permeability of cell and activates enzymes

  also important for formation of blood clots