Cell Theory

• There are two types of cells: prokaryotic (Domain bacteria and Archaea) and eukaryotic (all other domains).
• A prokaryotic cell is made up of?

  Capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane (cell membrane), DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, flagellae,
• True or false? Prokaryotes have a nucleus. false
• Prokaryotic cells are smaller or larger than eukaryotic cells? Smaller
• True or false? Chloroplasts are found in both plant and animal cells. False
• Do plant or animal cells have larger vacuoles? Plant

  Why? it stores water and mineral nutrients
• Where does photosynthesis take place? In chloroplasts
• What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis? Light-dependent and light-independent
• The light-dependent reaction occurs in the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast
• The light-independent reactions occur in the stroma of a chloroplast. This is the fluid-filled space in the chloroplast.
• True or false? In the light-dependent reaction, photosystem I takes place before photosystem II. False
• In photosystem II, solar energy is used to split a water molecule into what? Oxygen and positively charged hydrogen ions. The oxygen is then diffused out of the leaf. The electrons are shuttled down via redox reactions. Potential energy is lost in each reaction. The hydrogen ions are transported from the stroma to the thylakoid space. This creates a concentration gradient across the thylakoid membrane due to the high concentration of H+ ions. This is now a store for potential energy.
• In photosystem I, solar energy is used to re-energise the energy-depleted electrons. They are then used to combine NADP+ and H+ to produce NADPH. They are used later to produce glucose.
• The process where bacteria splits into two identical offspring? Binary fission
• Bacteria Reproduction:

  Cell takes up fragments of DNA from its surrounding environment? Transformation

  joining of two parent cells and the exchanging of genetic material? Conjugation

  virus can transfer genetic material from one bacteria to another? Transduction
• True or false? Both plant and animal cells have a cell wall? False
• Term: Strand of DNA and protein that carries the genetic information of a cell. Chromosome
• Term: Cell organelles that translate the DNA code into a linear sequence of amino acids, which collectively form proteins. Ribosomes
• Term: A layer of flattened sacs receiving substances synthesised in the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum that are then modified and transported to various destinations. Golgi Apparatus
• Term: Organelles arising from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, and containing enzymes that break down food particles and recycle damaged organelles. They also play a role in controlled cell death. Lysosomes
• Viruses do not have what parts of a cell? cell wall, membranes, organelles
• Chloroplasts are located in the? mesophyll cells
• What is a stack of thylakoids called? A granum
• Term: One cell divides into two cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent. Mitosis

  What is the parent cell called? Diploid

  Occurs in growth and healing
• Term: A part of sexual reproduction where 4 cells are produced (known as gametes), each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent (known as haploid). Meiosis

  Gametes fuse at fertilisation to produce one diploid cell

  Results in one pair of chromosomes from each parent
• Viruses exist as intracellular (active and replicate their nucleic acid) and extracellular (inactive particles).
• The light-dependent reactions use what? Light and water.

  The light-independent uses what? Carbon dioxide
• What is produced from the light-dependent reactions? ATP and NADPH. What is expelled (diffused out)? Oxygen
• What is produced from the light-independent reactions (The Calvin cycle)? Glucose

  What is recycled back into the light-dependent system? ADP and NADP+
• How many ATP are produced through the Krebs cycle? 32-34
• Krebs Cycle: Glycolysis occurs where? in the cytoplasm of the mitochondria

  What does it produce? 2 ATP, NADH and pyruvic acid.

  This is all a part of what? Respiration
• What do poisons do? Block cellular respiration
• All living cells (prokaryote and eukaryote) have:

  1. Cell membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. DNA
  4. Ribosomes
• The fusion of gametes produces a what?

  Zygote
• Photosynthesis:

  Inputs: Carbon dioxide, water, light energy

  Outputs: Oxygen and organic compounds
• Respiration:

  Inputs: Oxygen, organic compounds

  Outputs: Carbon dioxide, water, ATP