Readings

• Historia


  Learning by inquiry
• Aristotle's view of history


  • Systematic accounting of a set of natural phenomena
  • Chronological arrangement of the account
• Theories of history

  • Factual history
  • Speculative history
• Factual history


  Presents plain and basic information about events (what, when, where, who)
• Speculative history


  Goes beyond facts to explain reasons (why) and how events happened
• Sources of historical data

  • Artifacts (relics, remains)
  • Testimonies of witnesses
• Written sources of history


  • Narrative or literary
  • Diplomatic or juridical
  • Social documents
• Narrative or literary sources


  • Biography
  • Novel or film
  • Hagiography
• Diplomatic sources


  • Charters
• Unwritten sources of history


  • Material/archaeological evidence
  • Oral evidence
• Oral evidence


  • Sagas
  • Folk songs
  • Popular rituals
• Primary sources


  Original, first-hand accounts of events written/made during or near the time
• Secondary sources


  Materials made long after events, providing interpretations and analysis of primary sources
• Secondary sources


  • Biographies
  • Histories
  • Literary criticism
• Goals of historical criticism

  • Discover original meaning of text in historical context
  • Recreate historical situation of author and receivers
• Parts of historical criticism

  • External criticism (authenticity of source)
  • Internal criticism (historicity of facts)
• The history of the Philippines is believed to have started with the arrival of the first humans at least 67,000 years ago
• Negrito tribes first inhabited the Philippines, followed by later migrant groups
• Much of what is known about pre-Spanish Philippines is still insufficient due to loss of records
• Historians create narratives by surveying and analyzing primary sources in archives, libraries, and collections
• Relying on both primary and secondary sources helps us better understand the past
• Historical forgery was not known in the era when this refers to
• Badjao or sea gypsies


  People residing beside the sea whose boats already serve as their houses
• Early Filipinos


  • Did not have religion, but they believed in a powerful being from the sky that they called God
  • Were pagans, they believe in different gods and goddesses
  • Were already believers of superstitious beliefs like aswang, kapre, dwende, tiyanak, and tikbalang
• Baybayin or Alibata


  • The pre-Hispanic writing system in the Philippines
  • Originated from Kawi (a Javanese old script with a large number of loanwords from Sanskrit)
• The discovery of archeological artifacts in the Philippines manifested that during the Neolithic means the last age of Stone Age and the beginning of Human development in technology
• Since the beginning in the Philippines, rice was already the principal crop aside from hunting, trapping animals, and fishing
• Traditional music and dance

  • Reflection of life and culture of people of one place
  • Instruments like kudyapi, kalaleng, a tingguian Nose flute, slit drum
  • Pre-Hispanic songs like Kundiman, Kumintang o Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno at Oyayi o Hele
  • Primitive dances linked with rituals and to their daily lives
• There are still some group of Indigenous tribes who are preserving their culture that we can call ours and not brought by the colonizers
• Pieces of Chinese porcelains found in many places in the Philippines during the Tang Dynasty of China are a proof that Chinese were the first to trade with us
• Since the beginning in the Philippines, corn was already the principal crop aside from hunting, trapping animals, and fishing
• Arab traders came to the Philippines through Jolo and Sulu, on their way to Guangzhou China for trading their goods in the 1380s
• Islam was introduced in the Philippines 1380 by Karim ul' Makhdum
• Magellan's expedition paved way to the discovery of the Philippines during 1521
• Magellan had good relationship to the two kings named Rajah Kulambo and Rajah Humabon
• Rajah Humabon was the first native chieftain who embraced Christianity
• Lapu-Lapu (Leader of Mactan) did not accept the friendship of Magellan
• Only the Victoria was able to successfully went back to Spain after Magellan's expedition
• Magellan's expedition proved that the earth was round and not flat, and that the largest ocean in the world was the Pacific Ocean
• Legaspi's expedition landed in Cebu island on February 13, 1565