Chap 1 to 9

• Historia


  Learning by inquiry
• Factual history


  Presents plain and basic information about events (what, when, where, who)
• Speculative history


  Goes beyond facts to investigate reasons for events (why, how)
• Sources of historical data

  • Artifacts (relics, remains)
  • Testimonies of witnesses
• Written sources of history

  • Narrative/literary
  • Diplomatic/juridical
  • Social documents
• Narrative/literary sources


  • Biography
  • Novel
  • Film
  • Hagiography
• Diplomatic sources


  • Charters
• Unwritten sources of history


  • Material/archaeological evidence
  • Oral evidence
• Oral evidence


  • Sagas
  • Folk songs
  • Popular rituals
• Primary sources


  Original, first-hand accounts of events, usually written during or near the time
• Secondary sources


  Materials made long after the events, providing interpretations and analysis of primary sources
• Secondary sources


  • Biographies
  • Histories
  • Literary criticism
• External criticism


  Determining the authenticity of a source through paleographical and diplomatic analysis
• Internal criticism


  Determining the historicity of the facts contained within a document
• The history of the Philippines is believed to have started with the arrival of the first humans at least 67,000 years ago
• The written record of Philippine history started with the coming of the Spaniards, as earlier records were largely destroyed
• Much of what is known about pre-Spanish Philippines is still insufficient due to the loss of records
• Recovered pre-colonial records


  • Murillo-Velarde Map
• Historians create their narratives through a survey and analysis of primary sources available in archives, libraries, and document collections
• Relying on both primary and secondary sources helps us better understand the past and present
• The era when historical forgery was not known
• The colonization in the Philippines started when the two powerful countries – Portugal and Spain – had cold rivalry in conquering lands to expand their empire and to look spices as one of the most prized goods which is equivalent like gold. To pacify the situation, the Pope in Vatican City, Pope Alexander VI mediated between the two to avoid further conflict (Portugal and Spain are both Catholic Nations).
• It was Magellan's expedition that paved way to the discovery of the Philippines during 1521. Ferdinand Magellan was born in Portugal in 1480. In 1517, he decided to move to Spain to look for an opportunity to offer his service to the Spanish Court. Timely enough, through the Treaty of Tordesillas, King Charles I (later became King Charles IV) of Spain was convinced about the proposed route plan of Magellan in looking for the Spice Island and gave his blessing for a voyage under the Crown of Spain. The King gave him a fleet of five ships called Armada and a rank commander of the expedition under the order of Santiago.
• The Magellan's Fleet

  • The flagship Trinidad –under Magellan's command
  • San Antonio –commanded by Juan de Cartagena
  • Concepcion –commanded by Gaspas de Quesada
  • Santiago – commanded by Joăo Serrăo
  • Victoria – named after the Church of Sta Maria de la Victoria de Triana, where Magellan took an oath of allegiance to King Charles V; commanded by Luis Mendoza
• On March 16, 1521, they reached the island of Homonhon at the eastern part of the province of Samar. They landed there to gather food and also refresh the crew after their long voyage from the Pacific Ocean.
• Magellan had good relationship to the two kings named Rajah Kulambo and Rajah Humabon. Aside from the spice island, other missions of Magellan expedition were to circumnavigate the worlds and to spread Christianity. When they entered the Archipelago in 1521, their priority was to Christianize all the early Filipinos they would meet. And Rajah Humabon was the first native chieftain who embraced Christianity.
• Many native leaders accepted Spain's offer of friendship. However, there was one leader named Lapu-Lapu (Leader of Mactan) who did not accept the friendship of Magellan. This rejection angered Magellan and he devised a plan to subdue the native king.
• Unfortunately, Magellan did not expect that the people from Mactan were already anticipating the battle and was ready to fight. Caught off-guard and outnumbered, most of the Spaniards got injured and was forced to retreat. Magellan was killed in the battle.
• Among the five ships at the beginning of the expedition, only Victoria was able to successfully went back to Spain.
• There was controversy regarding where the site of the first mass was held in the Philippines when Ferdinand Magellan reached our archiplegao – in (Masao) Butuan or Limasawa (Leyte)?
• The expedition initiated of Ferdinand Magellan was regarded as the greatest of all expedition made by man. For the first time in history, man has circumnavigated the world and has proven that the earth was round and not flat. The expedition also proved that the largest ocean in the world was the Pacific Ocean. This new knowledge in geography provoked Europeans to explore more territories and lands especially in the East. This journey also paved way for the conquest of the Philippine archipelago and the conversion of the Filipinos to Christianity.
• Spain's Series of Expedition

  • Garcia Jofre Loiasa (1525)
  • Sebastian Cabot (1526)
  • Alvaro de Saavedra (1527)
  • Ruy Lopez de Villabos (1542)
  • Miguel Lopez de Legaspi (1564)
• Only the last two actually reached the archipelago, and only Legaspi succeeded colonizing the Philippines.
• Legaspi's expedition landed in Cebu island on February 13, 1565. After a diminutive struggle with the natives, he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol. There Legaspi made a blood compact with the chieftain, Datu Sikatuna as a symbol of friendship. On April 27, 1565, Legaspi returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of Rajah Tupas and established a settlement.
• As per King's order, 2100 men arrived from Mexico. They build the port of Fuerza de San Pedro which became the outpost and stronghold for the region. Hearing the riches of Manila, an expedition of 300 men headed by Martin de Goiti left Cebu for Manila They found the islands of Panay and Mindoro. Goiti arrived on May 8, 1570.
• Encomienda


  The granting of land to conquerors or settlers in the newly conquered colony
• Reduccion


  The Spanish authorities built a pueblo or town and forcibly obliged everyone and families to move in the town they created
• Repartiamento


  System of a forced labor to the natives of the colony, similar to a Polo y servicio or a Tributo (Tribute)
• Instruccion


  The early education of Filipinos during Spanish period was through religion, primarily exclusive for elite Filipinos to go to formal schools operated by friars
• Catholic Congregations who came to the Philippines

  • Augustinians
  • Franciscans
  • Jesuits
  • Dominicans
  • The Recollects
  • Benedictines