Chapter 1

• What is Biology?


  The study of life and living organisms
• What approach do scientists use to solve scientific problems?

  The scientific method
• What are the steps of the biological method?

  • Recognition of a biological problem
  • Observation and Identification
  • Building up hypothesis
  • Drawing deductions
  • Devising experiment
  • Inferring result
• What does the 'R' in ROMDER stand for?

  Recognition of a biological problem
• What is a biological problem?

  A question related to living organisms
• What are the five senses used for observations?

  Vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch
• What are the two types of observations in biology?

  • Qualitative observations
  • Quantitative observations
• What characterizes qualitative observations?

  Based on quality or characteristic
• What characterizes quantitative observations?

  Based on measurable values
• What is a hypothesis?

  A tentative explanation of observations
• What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis?

  • General statement
  • Tentative idea
  • Agreement with observations
  • Testable and potentially falsifiable
• What are deductions in the context of a hypothesis?

  Logical consequences of the hypothesis
• What is the most important step of the biological method?

  Experimentation
• What is the purpose of experimentation?

  To prove if the hypothesis is true
• What is the role of summarization of results?

  To gather actual quantitative data
• What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

  A theory is broader than a hypothesis
• What happens to theories when new evidence arises?

  They may be modified or rejected
• What is data in scientific research?

  The collection of facts or information
• What is analysis in the context of data?

  Predicting based on collected data
• What are the symptoms of malaria?

  Chills, fever, headache, nausea
• What organism causes malaria?

  Plasmodium
• What was the recognition of the problem regarding malaria?

  Its cause was not known for centuries
• What were the four major observations about malaria in the 19th century?

  • Relation to marshy areas
  • Quinine as an effective drug
  • Drinking marsh water does not cause malaria
  • Plasmodium found in malarial patients' blood
• What hypothesis did Laveran formulate about malaria?

  Plasmodium is the cause of malaria
• What deduction was made from Laveran's hypothesis?

  All malaria patients should have Plasmodium
• What was the purpose of the experiments conducted on malaria patients?

  To test the presence of Plasmodium in blood
• What were the results of the malaria experiments?

  Most malarial patients had Plasmodium
• What is the incubation period in malaria?

  Time before symptoms appear
• What was the significance of reporting the results of malaria experiments?

  Helped to control malaria worldwide
• How is malaria transmitted to humans?

  By mosquitoes
• What observations were made about malaria's spread?

  People sleeping outdoors get malaria more
• What hypothesis did A. F. A. King propose about malaria transmission?

  Mosquitoes transmit Plasmodium
• What deductions were made from King's hypothesis?

  Plasmodium should be in mosquitoes
• What experiment did Ronald Ross conduct in 1897?

  Allowed mosquitoes to bite malarial patients
• What did Ross find after his experiments with mosquitoes?

  Plasmodium multiplying in mosquito's stomach
• What was the outcome of the experiments on humans regarding malaria transmission?

  Humans became ill after mosquito bites
• What is a vector in biological terms?

  An organism that carries a parasite
• What virus causes Dengue fever?

  Dengue virus
• What mosquito transmits Dengue fever?

  Aedes aegypti
• What are the symptoms of Dengue hemorrhagic fever?

  High fever, bleeding, enlarged liver