Regeneration

• UK government policy decisions


  • Play a key role in regeneration
• Local government policies


  • Aim to represent areas as being attractive for inward investment
• Rebranding


  Attempts to represent areas as being more attractive by changing public perception of them
• Infrastructure investment


  High speed rail, airport development in order to maintain growth and improve accessibility to regenerate regions
• National government facilitate regeneration


  Often in partnerships with charities and developers
• Rate and type of development

  Planning laws, house building targets, housing affordability, permission for fracking' affecting economic regeneration of both rural and urban regions
• UK government decisions about international migration and the deregulation of capital markets

  Enabling foreign investment in prime London real estate have significant impacts on the potential for growth and both direct and indirect investment
• Local governments


  • Compete to create sympathetic business environments with local plans designating areas for development for a range of domestic and foreign investors (Science Parks)
• Local interest groups


  • Chambers of Commerce, local preservation societies, trade unions play a key role in decision-making about regeneration
• Urban and rural regeneration strategies

  • Retail-led plans, tourism, leisure and sport (London Olympics 2012), public/private rural diversification (Powys Regeneration Partnership)
• Rebranding


  Re-imaging places using a variety of media to improve the image of both urban and rural locations and make them more attractive for potential investors
• Rebranding of UK deindustrialised cities

  • Stress the attraction of places, creating specific place identity building on their industrial heritage to attract national and international tourists and visitors (Glasgow Scotland with Style)
• Rural rebranding strategies


  • Heritage and literary associations, farm diversification and specialised products, outdoor pursuits and adventure in both accessible and remote areas to make these places more attractive to national and international tourists and visitors (Bronte country, Kielder Forest)
• The success of regeneration


  • Uses a range of measures: economic, demographic, social and environmental
• Urban stakeholders


  • Have different criteria for judging the success of urban regeneration
• Rural stakeholders


  • Have different criteria for judging the success of rural regeneration
• Assessing the success of urban regeneration

  1. Measures of income, poverty and employment (with relative and absolute changes) both within areas and by comparison to other more successful areas

  2. Social progress can be measured by reductions in inequalities both between areas and within them; social progress can also be measured by improvements in social measures of deprivation and in demographic changes (movements in life expectancy and reductions in health deprivation)
• Assessing the success of urban regeneration

  Regeneration is successful if it leads to an improvement in the living environment (levels of pollution reduced, reduction in abandoned and derelict land)
• Study of the strategies used in the regeneration of an urban place

  • Salford Quays
  • Contested nature of these decisions within local communities
• Changes that have taken place as a consequence of national and local strategies


  Can be judged using a range of economic, social, demographic and environmental variables in an urban area
• Future success of urban regeneration depends on past decisions
• Different stakeholders (local and national governments, local businesses and residents) will assess success using contrasting criteria
• Their views will depend on the meaning and lived experiences of an urban place and the impact of change on both the reality and the image of that place
• Study of the strategies used in the restructuring of a rural place

  • North Antrim coast
  • Contested nature of these decisions within local communities
• Changes that have taken place as a consequence of national and local strategies


  Can be judged using a range of economic, social, demographic and environmental variables in a rural area
• Future success of rural regeneration depends on past decisions
• Their views will depend on the meaning and lived experiences of a rural place and the impact of change on both the reality and the image of that place