AFRICAN

• The Egyptians were great builders, they created measurement mathematics for construction purposes, they invented the cubit system and used it to build the Pyramids of Egypt
• Africa is known to be the oldest civilization known in the history of humankind, its history of science and technology is rich and diverse
• In the northern region of Africa, where the Egypt, Nubia, and Aksum is located, is where the development of a complex state system happened
• Africa became to be known as the "cradle of civilization" because it is the first state systems that were built along the Nile river
• Ancient African civilizations were first to dwell with

  • Applied sciences in agricultural economy
  • Metallurgical sciences
  • Textile and engineering productions
  • Ancient natural remedies and field sciences
• Asian civilization and culture also adopted some of the variety of African plants, including coffee, palm oil, African rice, and other agricultural crops
• They have mastered the art of nature, they can are the first shamans to practice natural medicine using natural remedies
• The Nile river became the life blood of Egypt as it sustained life and agriculture of the Ancient Egypt
• Long before it became an empire, Ancient Egypt was a series of independent city states, namely the cities of Heliopolis, Memphis, Abydos, Thebes, and Nekhen, which were all located along the strait of the Nile river
• In 3100 BC, all the cities were united to form one Egyptian state
• The Pharaohs are protectors, rulers and serves as liaisons of the people to the gods
• Upon their death, the Pharaohs believe that they will transcend as god themselves, they are mummified, and buried in labyrinth tombs, like the pyramid
• The Pyramids did not only serve as tombs but served as representation of the innovative infrastructure of the state
• They developed cubit as a measurement of length – it is the length of the arm to the fingers, it was said that they used this to build the pyramid and other massive structures of the ancient Egyptian state
• Their infrastructures also shows sophistication on architecture and using nature to as means of lighting, the pyramid as an example
• The Egyptians also combined mathematics and astronomy where they were able to make a 24 hour division in a day, and they also used this to create the first solar calendar to feature a 365 day ratio in one year
• They also developed methods in engineering like methods in surveying of the lands along the Nile river, creation of dams, canals, and even the irrigation systems that supported the life and allowed the flourish of agriculture of the state
• Hieroglyph is known to be one of the oldest writing systems, it was developed at around 3150 BC, during the old kingdom and was used to inscribe on the walls, pots and other clay products
• Following Hieroglyph was further development of new writing system which is like a cursive form called the Hieratic, this writing system uses ink and later on was written on papyrus
• Papyrus, which is somehow similar to papers were derived from the papyrus plant, which are very richly growing along the Nile river
• The word and the discipline of "chemistry" derived from the Egyptian word "Khem", referring to the "first matter" from the land of Khem, Egypt
• Ancient Egyptians had applied this term "Khem" meant "black land", as a representation of the dark richness of the Egyptian soil
• Chemical principles were applied in ancient Egypt like mummification, leather tanning, cloth dyeing
• The art of mummification is one of the most known ancient scientific practices of the ancient civilization, for it is the art and science of preservation
• They also developed distillation systems that came from the process of fermentation of beverages and brewing of beers in different regions of Africa
• The African intellectual revolution is the first societal intellectual revolution since it is the cradle of civilization
• Their civilization has enormously contributed to the body of knowledge, their long and best cultural contributions in linguistic, mathematics, science, and technology, has largely influenced a lot of succeeding civilizations and various civilization all around the world