Visualising Qualitative Research, Democratising methods,

• Define the four R's of Visual methods

  • Researcher found data (secondary sources)
  • Researcher created data (primary sources)
  • Respondent generated data
  • Representation of visualisations- coherence and context
• Give examples of researcher-found data: this refers to using existing secondary sources/ materials like reports, interviews, videos, and photos in a study.
• News reports, interviews, online videos, and photos of events relate to what kind of R in Visual methods?

  Researcher found visual data
• An example of researcher-found data includes how media reports from the Christchurch earthquake impacted stigma around sex work risks in New Zealand, using interviews and focus groups.
• When the researcher immerses themselves in their research question, using their personal experiences and insights to enhance the study's depth and authenticity, this is an example of what R?

  Researcher created visual data (primary sources)
• What is an example of a project using researcher created visual data?

  The auto-ethnography Mau Moko book is an example of a project using researcher created visual data.

  
• Which theories often use created visual data?

  Feminist, Marxist, critical race theory, Indigenous, Queer, and postcolonial theories often use created visual data.

  
• What can researcher created visual data focus on?

  It can focus on the socio-historical forces that influenced an artist's work and how their creative output impacted artistic, political, and social events.
• Visual materials like photographs, films, videos, drawings, poetry, or objects, created by study participants to represent and communicate their experiences or narratives during interviews, what R does this align with?

  Respondent or participant generated visual data: photo/object elicitation
• Giving control over to participants to shape a narrative is an example of respondent or participant created visual data
• What purpose do visual stimuli serve in research?

  Visual stimuli serve as 'icebreakers' and help to break down the power differential between researcher and participant.

  
• Participant created photo-elicitation can be seen as an access point to their reality, the meanings behind them
• Taking thematic codes from visual images, focusing on the meanings people attach to them rather than the image itself, what R does this most relate to?

  Representation and visualisation of ‘data’
• What kind of tools can be used in the representation and visualisation of data?

  Tools include timelines, self-portraits, group portraits, diaries (paper, electronic, photographic, video), and participant-generated photographs or videos.

  
• What are “go-along” qualitative interview methodology is useful for?

  Studying the health issues of a community within a particular local area or neighborhood.
• Streeties applying photo-elicitation and going by the urban areas of most drug use within their past is an example of?

  Go along or walk along interviews
• Go along interviews can help researchers understand the context of what a particular issue looks like to live with, such as homelessness

  
• Experiential knowledge, or phronetic knowledge, is the wisdom gained from firsthand experience, rather than theoretical learning. This relates to respondent generated visual data in photo-elicitation and walk along interviews
• What type of research method is particularly suited for spatially mobile respondents?

  Respondent generated visual data mapping, homelessness is defined by mobility

  
• What is an example of using respondent-generated visual data mapping?

  Analysis Mapping which identify and sense of self of homeless individuals via specific locations.
• One-on-one semi-structured interviews, household interviews, paired interviews, focus groups are found by what R?


  Researcher found data
• Auto-ethnographic, autobiographical, auto-photography etc are examples of what R?

  Researcher created data
• Walk along, co-constructed, collaborative photo-elicitation are example of what R?

  Respondent (or participant) generated visual ‘data’
• "Democratising" is about making research methods collaborative and findings more accessible and inclusive to effected communities
• What methods can be used to democratise research and balance power dynamics?

  Service Mapping, drawing, poetry, time-lines, walk along and photography can be used to allow participants to set the research agenda.
• What is an example of democratising respondent generated visual data in research?

  An example is the F100 (Family 100) project, which involved fortnightly interviews with 100 families facing famine due to poverty in Auckland, New Zealand.
• Why do we need to Democratise methods?

  Interviews can be biased and are not neutral methods, especially for marginalised demographics like the homeless.

  • W.E.I.R.D. versus Indigenous perspectives
  • Social hierarchy and power dynamics
• The fusion of correctional and welfare systems that punishes and criminalises people living in poverty is known as Wacquant’s penal welfare.
• photo-elicitation images can help render the situation real, conveying the complexities of realities
• What does loneliness or depression look like to you would use photo-elicitation & overlay what's going on and the relationships of organisations you seek aid with using service mapping techniques
• What is visual imagery useful for? S.H.C.B."

  • Show: Images show the reality of people's experiences, such as homelessness.
  • Highlight: They reveal societal inequities and problems, like service mapping does.
  • Challenge: They challenge social distancing between the researcher and participant
  • Bring: Images bring silenced perspectives or experiences into view.
• What populations are best for visual qualitative methodologies?

  Minoritised peoples who counter-challenge the narratives made about them
• Five steps to analysing Visual Data

  • Identify the topic & scope of data
  • Grid, plot & defamiliarise
  • Key categories, examples & discrepancies
  • Countering and Ordering categories, linking & constructing new story
  • Interpretation & writing
• Grid, plot & defamiliarise step within visual analysis allows research to pin themes by visual images and slowly start to create a narrative
• When one forms a scientific hypothesis, makes a prediction, and then tests whether that prediction comes true, which mode of reasoning is being used?

  Deductive reasoning
• It involves making broad generalizations based on specific observations. For example, "I've only ever seen white swans, therefore all swans must be white, what type of reasoning is this?

  Inductive reasoning
• Circuit of mass communication relates to?

  • Production (e.g. how a news story emerges)
  • Representation (e.g. how a news story is written)
  • Reception (e.g. how readers respond to a news story).
• Relational ethics refers to principle that the ethical priority in research is the interpersonal relationships between researchers and participants.
• What method of reasoning or explanation that simplifies a complex concept, phenomenon, or set of data into a single or small number of key factors?

  Reductive
• Abductive reasoning: This involves making an educated guess or hypothesis based on the most logical and likely conclusion given a set of observations. It is often used when there is incomplete information.