economic development

• development is the progress of a country in terms of economic growth, use of technology and human welfare
• development can be effected by politics, social, economic and environmental factors
• we measure development using GNI
• GNI is a measure of economic activity that divides the gross national income by the total population
• GNI considers values of goods and services and income earned from investments overseas
• UK GNI per capita in 2022 was £40410
• HICs has a high GNI
• quality of life is the standard of health, happiness and money
• HDI is a composite measure of development - it combines social and economic measures - it combines GNI, literacy rate and life expectancy to give a scor between 0 and 1
• HDI is effected by income, education and life expectancy
• birth rate is the number of live births per 1000 of the population
• death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 of the population #
• infant mortality rate is the number of babies who die before their 1st birthday per 1000 of the population
• life expectancy is the age someone is estimated to live to in a country
• literacy rate is the % of people who can read and write is a country
• limitations of economic and social measures

  1. government twists figures
  2. hard to count
  3. out of date
  4. informal economy not taken into account
• there are 5 levels of development
• demographic transition model

  1. high stationary
  2. early expanding
  3. late expanding
  4. low stationary
  5. declining
• high stationary sector includes tribes, has a high birth rate and death rate which fluctuates because of diseases, famine and war - fairly stable population
• early expanding like Afghanistan - high birth rate and decreasing death rate - growing population
• late expanding like india - rapid drop in birth rate and decreasing death rate - slow growing population
• low stationary - usa - low birth rate and low death rate
• declining - germany - lower birth rate than death rate
• reasons for uneven development

  1. physical - land locked countries and extreme weather
  2. economic - corrupt LIC leaders sell resources cheap to TNC to profit
  3. historical - 1650 - 1900 10 million people moved from africa to america
• consequences of uneven development

  1. health
  2. wealth
• inequality in health

  1. LIC can invest in healthcare and are more likely to have complications
• inequalities in wealth

  1. most developed countries are the richest
  2. africas global wealth is only 1%
• immigrant - moves into a country
• emigrant moves out of a country
• refugee - forced to move a country
• displaced person - forced from their home but stay in own country
• economic migrant - moves to seek a better life with more money
• middle east refugee crisis

  1. 2015
  2. 100000 fled from syria and afghanistan
• in 2004 1.5 million economic migrant moved to the uk with 2/3 being polish
• primary sector is producing raw materials like fishing and farming
• secondary sector is manufacturing raw materials like steel production
• tertiary sector is selling goods or providing service like teacher
• quaternary sector is high tech industries like laboratory researcher
• aid is a form of help from one group of people to another
• short term aid - given after a natural disaster as relief