Transport

• Congestion – growth of car ownership means too many vehicles on the road (35 million vehicles on the road)
• M25 Smart Motorways


  • Creates hundreds of construction jobs
  • Increases capacity of road network
• M25 Smart Motorways


  • Increase air pollution and noise pollution along the route
  • Cost
  • Disruption to local residents
• Popularity of airports are higher than their capacity – crowding and delays as a result; Particular problems for airports in/around London
• New runway at Heathrow

  • Create 1000s of jobs and will support local businesses
  • Increases status of London's airports as 'hub' airports which means more people use the UK to change flights – this increases tourist numbers
  • Heathrow is at 99% capacity
• New runway at Heathrow

  • Noise pollution for local people in west London
  • Displacement of local residents to make way for new runway
  • Large cost of up to £20 billion
  • Disruption to M25 motorway
• Inefficiency and expense of old trains – 60% UK trains are fuelled by diesel. Delays, cancellations and timetable changes cause enough disruption to make national news
• High Speed Rail 2


  • Help with commuting and productivity
  • Faster journeys
• High Speed Rail 2


  • Very expensive – 100 billion at last count
  • Will not open for a long time
  • Destruction of habitats like ancient woodland on the route
• Ports were built for smaller ships. Modern ships are too large for older ports. Ports are still used for most shipping (96% of import + export trade!) but can't manage larger volumes
• Liverpool 2 Container Port

  • Create 1000s of jobs in a boost to the economy in North of England which lags being the south
  • Double the port's capacity to over 1.5 million containers per year
  • Reduce the freight traffic on UK roads – ease congestion and reduce greenhouse gas emissions
• Liverpool 2 Container Port

  • Cost of £300 million
  • Larger port so might put others out of business
  • Impact of large ships on local habitats
• Post-industrial economy


  The shift of some HIC economies from producing goods to providing services
• Science parks and business parks

  • Shared facilities and expertise
  • Space to expand
  • Good transport links
• Impacts of IT on the post-industrial economy

  • Growth of service sector
  • Development of quaternary sector
  • Improved communications connecting jobs across the UK + abroad
  • Storage of data (e.g. Customer information)
  • Telecommuting (people can work from home)
  • Creation of jobs in services linked to IT (e.g. broadband companies)
  • Access to information online & as a tool for research
  • Sharing of information to collaborate with other researchers
  • Creation of jobs in research and development to create new & improved software/hardware (e.g. Microsoft, Apple)