Paper 2 general vocab

• Aid


  Help or assistance given to a country or organization to improve the lives of its people
• Birth rate


  The number of births per thousand people in a population in a given year
• Death rate


  The number of deaths per thousand people in a population in a given year
• Debt relief


  Cancellation of debts to a country by a global organization, such as the World Bank
• Dependency ratio


  The proportion of people below the normal working age (0-14) and above the normal working age (over 65) in a given population
• Development


  The process of improving the wealth and well-being of a country or region
• development gap


  difference in standards of living and wellbeing between the world’s richest and poorest countries
• fair trade


  producers in LICs given a better price for their goods such as cocoa, coffee and cotton
• free trade


  when countries do not use tariffs or quotas to restrict trade
• gross national income (GNI)


  measurement of economic activity calculated by dividing the gross (total) national income by the size of the population
• high income country (HIC)


  A country with GNI per capita higher than $12,746
• highly-indebted poor countries (HIPC)


  the 38 countries with the largest amount of debt
• human development index (HDI)


  a method of measuring development where GDP per capita, life expectancy and adult literacy are combined to give an overview
• infant mortality rate


  the number of babies that die under a year of age, per 1000 live births
• infrastructure


  the basic equipment and structures (such as roads, utilities, water supply and sewage) that are needed for a country or region to function properly
• intermediate technology

  simple, easily learned and maintained technology used in LICs for a range of economic activities
• investment


  the action or process of putting in money, usually for profit
• life expectancy


  the average number of years a person is expected to live.
• loan


  a sum of money borrowed to be paid back on agreed terms
• low income country (LIC)


  A country with GNI per capita lower than $1,045
• microfinance loans


  very small loans which are given to people in the LICs to help them start a small business
• migration


  when people move from one area to another; in many LICs people move from rural to urban areas (rural–urban migration)
• multiplier effect


  a series of consequences where one development makes another one possible, such as an increase in money available
• natural population change


  the gap between birth rate and death rate
• Newly-Emerging Economies (NEE)


  Countries that have begun to experience high rates of economic development and industrialization
• Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO)


  An organisation that is not part of a government but provides important resources
• Population Pyramid


  A graphical representation of a population's age and sex structure
• Population Structure


  The number of males and females in each age group, often displayed in a population pyramid
• Primary Products


  Unprocessed raw materials extracted from the earth, such as natural resources
• Quality of Life Metrics

  Housing, environment, education, healthcare, security, happiness
• Tourism Industries


  Attracting non-resident visitors for leisure or entertainment purposes
• International Trade


  Buying and selling of goods and services between countries
• Trading Group Advantages


  Reducing tariffs and barriers to trade between member countries
• Transnational Corporations


  Companies operating in multiple countries, often with international headquarters
• What is Urbanisation?


  A process by which a higher proportion of the population moves from rural to urban areas, often driven by migration from rural areas for better economic opportunities.
• How is development measured? What are the limitations?

  Common development indicators: GDP per capita, Human Development Index (HDI), Gross National Income (GNI). Limitations: GDP focus on economic growth, might overlook social and environmental aspects; HDI balanced scorecard, but incomplete and outdated.
• What is Development?


  A process aimed at improving the well-being and quality of life for individuals and communities, often through economic growth, social justice, and human rights. Development is often measured by factors like GDP per capita, literacy rates, and life expectancy.
• What does the DTM show? How does it link to development?


  DCG (Doing Business Council) released the Development Accountability Movement (DTM) index, ranking countries on development. The DTM aims to measure development beyond GDP, incorporating indicators like education, health, and poverty reduction. It shows the gaps in development and prioritizes areas for improvement, connecting a broader understanding of development.
• What are the driving factors of urbanisation?

  Population growth, migration, push-factors (e.g., poverty, conflict), and pull-factors (e.g., better job opportunities, education).
• What are the Global Patterns of Urbanisation?

  Urban population is growing faster in developing countries, with many experiencing rapid urbanisation. Megacities are expanding rapidly, and urban-rural migration is internal migration within countries.