GEN BIO

• What is true for E. coli is true for the Elephant. - Jacques Monod
• Cell - A basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
• Classical/Unified Cell Theory - All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - One of the first to observe microorganisms and microscopic organisms.
• Animalcules - Protozoa
• Leeuwenhoek Microscope - Consists of 2 flat thin metals and biconvex lenses.
• Robert Hooke - Coined the term "cellulae" which was shortened to "cell" for the box-like structures he observed when viewing cork tissue through a lens.
• Theodor Schwann - a German physiologist founded modern histology by defining the cell as the basic unit of animal structure
• Schwann Cells - a type of glial cell that surrounds neurons, keeping them alive and sometimes covering them in a myelin sheath, and are the major glial cell type in the peripheral nervous system.
• Matthias Schleiden - A German botanist who proposed that all plants were made up of cells and that cells came from "free-cell formation"
• Rudolph Virchow - "Omnis Cellula e Cellulae"

  German Pathologist and statesman, one of the most prominent physicians of the 19th century. He emphasized that diseases arose, not in organs or tissues in general, but primarily in their individual cells.
• Robert Remack - German embryologist and neurologist who discovered and named the three germ layers of the early embryo: the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and endoderm (1842).
• Modern Cell Theory - All living things are made up of cells.
• Cytotechnologists and Pathologists -Professionals who study cells via microscopic examination and other laboratory tests. They also examine tissues, check the accuracy of lab tests, and interpret the results
• Components of Cells

  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. DNA
  4. Ribosome
  5. Cytoskeleton
• Common Components of Eukaryotic Cell

  1. Nucleus
  2. Mitochondria
  3. Peroxisomes, vesicles, and vacuoles
  4. Smooth and Rough ER
  5. Golgi Apparatus
• Microvilli - Plasma membrane that specializes in absorption that are folded into finger-like projections
• Cytoplasma - Consists of 70-80% water, it has a semi-solid consistency due to the organic molecules and other elements
• DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid, the molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms
• Chromosomes - Structures within the nucleus that are made up of DNA, the hereditary material.
• The DNA is packaged by special proteins called histones to form chromatin.
• Chromatin further condenses to form chromosomes
• Chromatin - lower order of DNA organization
• Chromosomes - higher order of DNA organization
• Ribosomes - Cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis and considered as the protein factory of the cell
• Microfilaments - the leanest filaments of the cytoskeleton present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells with a diameter of about 5 to 8 nanometers
• Microtubules - Polymerized dimer tubulin
• Plasma Membrane-Separates cell from external environment and controls passage of organic molecules, ions, water, oxygen, and wastes into and out of the cell
• Cytoplasm - provides turgor pressure to plant

  cells as fluid inside the central vacuole; site of many metabolic reactions; medium in which organelles are found
• Nucleolus - contains genetic materials (DNA)
• Nucleus - cell organelle that houses DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins
• Ribosomes-synthesizes protein
• Mitochondria - produce ATP/site of cellular
• Peroxisomes-oxidize; and thus, break down fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxify poisons
• Vesicles and vacuoles - store and transport: perform digestive function in plant cells
• Centrosome - source of microtubules in animal cells
• Lysosomes - digestion of macromolecules; recycling of worn-out organelles
• Cell Wall - protects; serves as structural support, and maintains cell shape
• Chloroplast-contains chlorophyll
• Endoplasmic reticulum modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids