Thermal

• The internal energy of a body is equal to the sum of all the Ke and Pe of all its particles.

  Internal energy can be increased by:

  . doing work on the system

  . increasing temperature
• water internal energy cycle:

  . solid to liquid is melting point

  . liquid to gas is boiling point

  Gas state has highest internal energy.
• Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree, without changing state.
• Specific latent heat is the energy required to change the state of 1kg of a substance without changing its temperature.

  
  

  2 types:

  . Specific latent heat of fusion ( solid to liquid )

  . Specific latent heat of vaporisation (liquid to gas)
• Boyles law - when temperature is constant, pressure and volume are inversely proportional pV=k

  Volume increases , molecules then spread out more resulting in less collisions. Therefore pressure decreases.
• Charles law - when pressure is constant, volume is directly proportional to temperature.

  Temperature increases, increase in Ke and particles move more and spread out. Pressure is constant and volume increases.
• Pressure law - Volume is constant , pressure is directly proportional to the temperature.

  Temperature increases, Ke increases resulting in more frequent collisions and pressure increases.
• Number of moles= mass of substance/molar mass

  
  

  Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance.

  1 mole = 6.02 x 10^23 atoms/molecules.

  
  

  Kelvin = C + 273