Lesson 4

• WHAT IS DISASTER RISK ?

  The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRRR) stated that Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) aims to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards by planning ahead and taking actions to make communities safer and better prepared for emergencies.
• PARADIGM SHIFT IN DRRM

  There has been a paradigm shift in DRRM in recent years to cater to the growing needs of society for safety and resilience.
• EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT:

  DISASTER = HAZARD

  One of the earliest methods of DRRM has focused mainly on emergencies. It requires an immediate response from involved authorities.

  Hazard = Potential harm/damage to people or communities.

  Disaster = Occurs when these hazards affect people or communities.
• DISASTER PREPAREDNESS: DISASTER = HAZARD + UNPREPAREDNESS

  It is now known that disasters arise from hazards that a community is unable to prepare for. Movements for capacity building and risk mitigation are also promoted.
• DISASTER


  HAZARD X VULNERABILITY / CAPACITY
• Factors that make communities more prone to disasters


  • Hazards
  • Vulnerability
  • Capacity
• Studying past disasters is important to lessen future impacts
• Vulnerability


  How susceptible communities are to damage, including physical, social, and coping abilities
• Capacity


  A community's resources and skills to reduce disaster risk
• Hazards are everywhere, communities have different abilities to deal with disasters
• Each community faces different levels of risk
• Each community should have its own ways or unique solution
• DISASTER = HAZARD X VULNERABILITY X EXPOSURE / CAPACITY

  A vital factor that affects communities' disaster risk is. Exposure. Certain communities tend to be more exposed to risk depending on their location, demographics, and assets.
• Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)


  The development of DRRM has been influenced by past disasters
• The Philippines, being a developing country, is not the only reason such disasters are experienced
• Super Typhoon Haiyan in 2013


  • The typhoon's scale
  • Corruption
  • Implementation challenges
  • Social and economic inequalities
• The development of the SENDAI Framework initiative was helped by the issues faced during Super Typhoon Haiyan
• Every community is different; therefore, it must not be treated as a general problem with a one-size-fits-all solution
• Rimando (2016): 'Disaster risk reduction initiatives may be performed before a disaster re-occurs'
• Disaster risk reduction initiatives


  1. Revision of the building codes and modification of structures

  2. Mapping out hazards, vulnerabilities, exposures, and capacities

  3. Implementation of laws on proper land use and development

  4. Proper national and community-based awareness campaigns and education

  5. Establishment of early warning systems in all parts of the country
• Three major processes recommended by UNDRR (2017) to successfully reduce disaster risks


  • Preparation and Analysis of Scope
  • Risk Analysis
  • Utilization of Risk Assessment for Disaster Risk Management and Development
• Governance Mechanism


  Establishing roles that national and local governments toward reducing disaster risks. Including establishing laws and specific policies and assigning specific tasks to the appropriate governing bodies, that are transparent to all stakeholders of the nation and its respective communities.
• The Philippines has placed the 2010 National Disaster Management Act (RA No. 10121)
• Agencies involved in establishing roles under the 2011 2028 National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Plan (NDRRMP)


  • NDRRMC
  • OCD
  • DOST
  • NEDA
  • DILG
  • DSWS
• Disaster Preparedness


  Establish and strengthen capacities of communities to anticipate, cope, and recover from the negative impact of emergency occurrences and disasters
• Disaster Prevention and Mitigation


  Avoid hazards and mitigate their potential impacts by reducing vulnerabilities and exposure, and enhancing capacities of communities
• Disaster Response


  Provide life preservation and meet the basic subsistence needs of affected populations based on acceptable standards during or immediately after a disaster
• Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery


  Restore and improve facilities, livelihoods, living conditions, and organizational capacities of affected communities, and reduce disaster risk in accordance with the "building back better" principle
• Policy and Technical Scoping


  The scope of laws and policies must be specified. At the same time, the areas of scope of governing bodies must be clear to the national government, local government, and stakeholders of community.
• The Philippines has a well developed plan at the national level


  NDRRMP, which created an Implemented by OCD
• Data Management Plan


  The information gathered must be organized properly and disseminated to stakeholders. It might help local government to take appropriate actions.
• Required Capacities


  The capacities must develop technical, administrative, and financial. Capacities must cover the national and local levels. The further capacities longing hazard capabilities that a community has resources and skills of technical personnel.
• Terms of Reference


  National risk assessment is a formal agreement between the people and governing bodies. All terms regarding the assessment must be present and specified to involve parties in the community, such as timeline, budget, and responsibilities of stakeholders.
• Risk analysis


  Careful selection of methodologies, targeting preparation and analysis of scope first
• Risk analysis methodologies


  • Semi-quantitative methods
  • Quantitative methods
  • Probabilistic risk analysis
  • Deterministic or scenario analysis
  • Historical analysis
  • Expert elicitation
• Valid, reputable existing data on communities and national and local capacities must be considered when analyzing risk
• Analyzing risk must avoid creating direct and indirect impacts on stakeholders
• Preparation of outputs


  Results must be presented in an understandable, relevant, and useful form
• Tools for presenting risk analysis outputs

  • Geospatial tools and mapping
  • Risk matrices
  • Scenarios
  • Loss exceedance curves
  • Visuals
  • Infographics
• Risk assessment


  A comprehensive risk assessment is crucial for decision-making in planning, Investing, and action