STS 7-12

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948 and contains a preamble and 30 Articles
• Articles of the UDHR

  • Article 1 - Right to equality
  • Article 2 - Freedom from discrimination
  • Article 3 - Right to life, liberty, and personal security
  • Article 4 - Freedom from slavery or servitude
  • Article 5 - Freedom from torture and degrading treatment
• Article 27 of the UDHR states that everyone has the right to participate in the cultural life of the community and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits
• Article 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) Covenant
• Ethical Dimensions of Science and Technology

  • Nuremberg Trials
  • Clinical Research Ethics
  • Applied Ethics
• Ethical Matrix


  Tool for ethical decision-making in science developed by Ben Mepham
• Codes of Ethics


  • Hippocratic Oath
  • Ethical Principles and Guidelines for Filipino Scientists by the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)
  • NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers
  • Code of Ethics for Chemistry Practitioners
• Ethical Principles and Guidelines for Filipino Scientists by NAST


  • Ethical scientific practices
  • Ethical use of science in Philippine society
  • Conflict of interest
  • Intellectual honesty
  • Weighing the benefits of science vis-à-vis potential harm
  • Commitment to professional development as scientists
  • Development of students and other stakeholders
  • Advocacy for scientific approaches
• Approaches to technology


  • Substantive view
  • Instrumentalist view
  • Pluralist view
• Device paradigm


  Concept developed by Albert Borgmann describing how technology can distance people from meaningful engagement with the world
• Three key technologies of the 21st century

  • Genetics
  • Nanotechnology
  • Robotics
• Robotics


  The branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots
• Artificial Intelligence


  The ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings
• Karel Capek coined the term 'robot'
• Classification of Robots


  • Service Robots
  • Industrial Robots
• Unimate was the first industrial robot, invented by George Devol and Joseph Engelberger (the "Father of Robotics")
• Roboethics


  The study of the ethical issues surrounding the design, construction, use and application of robots
• Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics

  • A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
  • A robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
  • A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
  • Zeroth Law of Robotics
• Telesurgery is the performance of surgical procedures where the surgeon is not physically in the same location as the patient, using a robot
• Robotic Liability Matrix


  Framework for assigning liability in cases involving robots
• ASIMO and Sophia are examples of social robots
• The Information Age, also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age, has affected society in areas such as communications, information transfer, entertainment, business, and quality of life
• James R. Messenger is considered the "Father of the Information Age"
• Eras of the Information Revolution

  • Print-based Era (Printing Press by Johannes Gutenberg, 1436)
  • Pre-digital Era (Telegraph by Samuel Morse, 1845; Radio by Guglielmo Marconi, 1894; Telephone by Alexander Graham Bell, 1876; Computer by Richard Braithwaite, 1613)
  • Digital Era (Internet, ARPANET 1969; World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee, 1991)
• Computer


  A machine or device that performs processes, calculations and operations based on instructions provided by a software or hardware program
• Pioneers of Computing


  • Richard Braithwaite (The Young Man's Gleanings, 1613)
  • Charles Babbage ("Father of the Computer", 1822)
  • Konrad Zuse (Z1, first functional computer, 1936; Z4, first commercial digital computer, 1942)
  • John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert (ENIAC, first fully functional digital computer, 1946)
  • Pier Giorgio Perotto (Olivetti Programma 101, first desktop computer, 1964)
  • Edward Roberts (Altair 8800, first personal computer, 1975)
  • Adam Osborne (Osborne 1, first laptop/portable computer, 1981)
• Types of Computers


  • General purpose computers
  • Specific purpose computers
  • Analog Computers
  • Digital Computers
  • Hybrid Computers (Analog + Digital)
  • Supercomputers
  • Mainframe Computers
  • Mini Computers or Servers
  • Micro Computers or Personal Computers
  • Workstations
• SUMMIT was the fastest supercomputer in 2019 and the Philippines had the "IBM Blue Gene" supercomputer, the first in an ASEAN country, in May 2013
• Mobile Phone


  A portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area
• The first mobile phone call was made by Martin Cooper on April 3, 1973 and the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X was the first commercial mobile phone, released in 1983
• The Angler, developed by Frank Canova at IBM in 1992, was the first commercial smartphone, with a refined version marketed in 1994 by BellSouth as the Simon Personal Communicator
• Social Media


  Computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing of ideas, thoughts and information through the building of virtual networks and communities
• Most Popular Social Media and Networking Sites

  • Friendster
  • LinkedIn
  • Myspace
  • Skype
  • Facebook
  • Youtube
  • Twitter
  • Tumblr
  • BizSugar
  • Messenger
  • Instagram
  • Pinterest
  • Viber
  • Snapchat
  • Dailymotion
  • Vimeo
  • Medium
  • WordPress
  • Google
  • Reddit
  • Quora
  • WhatsApp
  • WeChat
  • QQ
  • Qzone
  • Douyin/Tik Tok
  • Sino Weibo
• Health Risks of the Information Age

  • Eyestrain and Heating Problems
  • Brain Cancer
  • Depression
  • Accidents (Anti-Distracted Driving Act of 2016 or R.A. No. 10913)
• Information Overloading


  A situation in which too much information is given at one time which can cause the inability to think clearly, coined by Bertram Gross and popularized by Alvin Toffler
• Data Privacy


  The necessity to preserve and protect any personal information, collected by any organization, from being accessed by a third party
• The Data Privacy Act (DPA) of 2012 or R.A. No. 10173 was signed by President Benigno Aquino and established the National Privacy Commission in the Philippines
• Scope of the Data Privacy Act of 2012


  • All personal information must be collected for reasons that are specified, legitimate, and reasonable
  • Personal information must be kept accurate and relevant, used only for the stated purposes, and retained only for as long as reasonably needed
  • Personal information must be discarded in a way that does not make it visible and accessible to unauthorized third parties
• Cybercrime


  A crime in which a computer is the object of the crime (hacking, phishing, spamming) or is used as a tool to commit an offense (child pornography, hate crimes)
• Categories of Cybercrime


  • Crimes that target computer networks or devices (viruses, denial-of-service attacks)
  • Crimes that use computer networks to advance other criminal activities (cyberstalking, phishing, fraud, identity theft)