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• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted and proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris


  10 December 1948
• The UDHR was motivated by the events during World War II
• UDHR


  Lays out the fundamental human rights and contains a preamble and 30 articles
• The preamble states that the "recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world"
• The first five articles of the UDHR outline the basic individual rights

  • Article 1 - Right to equality
  • Article 2 - Freedom from discrimination
  • Article 3 - Right to life, liberty, and personal security
  • Article 4 - Freedom from slavery and servitude
  • Article 5 - Freedom from torture and degrading treatment
• Article 27 of the UDHR


  "everyone has the right to participate in the cultural life of the community and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits"
• Article 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)


  "Right to science and culture"
• The Nuremberg Trials were a series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity
• Nuremberg Code


  Ethical code of conduct for research that uses human subjects
• Clinical Research Ethics


  Just one of applications of applied ethics, branch of ethics, or moral philosophy
• Applied ethics


  Examines specific controversial issues
• Declaration of Helsinki


  The World Medical Association's international ethical guidelines for medical professionals researching human subjects
• Ethical Matrix


  Aims to assists non-philosophers in appreciating the value of ethical insights to arrive at ethical judgments
• Ethical principles in the Ethical Matrix

  • Well-being (maximization of good)
  • Autonomy (Freedom)
  • Fairness (respect for justice and the law)
• Ben Mepham


  Developed the Ethical Matrix
• Codes of Ethics


  Authoritative reminders of the rules and duties that scientists and engineers must abide by
• Hippocratic Oath


  Old code; oath taken by medical students swearing to practice medicine in an ethical way
• The National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) developed the "Ethical Principles and Guidelines for Filipino Scientists" in 1995 to guide Filipino scientists to achieve a high level of professional and ethical behavior
• General Principles in the NAST guidelines

  • Ethical Scientific Practices
  • Ethical use of science in Philippine Society
  • Conflict of Interest
  • Intellectual Honesty
  • Weighing the benefits of science vis-a-vis potential harm
  • Commitment to professional development as scientists
  • Development of students and other stakeholders
  • Advocacy for scientific approaches
• The NSPE (National Society of Professional Engineers) of the USA has a Code of Ethics for Engineers
• Chemistry professionals in the Philippines have an obligation to society as outlined in the Code of Ethics for the Chemistry Practitioners of the Philippines
• Technology


  Object, knowledge, and activity; intention - the commitment to a goal
• Three essential types of approaches to technology

  • Substantive View (considers technology as a force of its own, capable of shaping society without the intervention of other forces)
  • Instrumentalist View (considers technology as a mere instrument to achieve social values that are independent of technology themselves)
  • Pluralist View (considers the dynamic interactions between technology and social values as a complex web)
• Promise of Technology


  To "bring the forces of nature and culture under control, to liberate us from misery and toil, and to enrich our lives"
• Device Paradigm


  The way "technological devices" are perceived and consumed in modern society
• Singularity


  The point wherein the intelligence of machines converges with that of humans
• Three Technologies described by Ray Kurzweil

  • Genetics
  • Nanotechnology
  • Robotics
• Robotics


  The use and development of robots
• Robots


  Programmable machines that are capable of motion and interaction with their surroundings
• Artificial Intelligence


  A field of study that seeks to develop intelligent computational systems
• Rosum's Universal Robots depicted the creation of machines that serve as humanoid slaves
• Robota


  Czech word for robot meaning "forced labor"
• Types of Robots


  • Service Robots (domestic and field applications)
  • Industrial Robots (strictly used in industrial settings)
• Unimate was the first programmable robot to be employed in a factory, developed by George Devol in 1954 and further developed by Unimation Inc. founded in 1956 by Joseph Engelberger, 'the father of robotics'
• Roboethics


  A new field of ethics that aims to develop scientific, cultural, and technical tools that will encourage the beneficial use of robotics for the society and prevent its misuse against humanity
• Three Laws of Roboethics

  • A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm
  • A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law
  • A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law
• Zeroth Law of Robotics


  A robot should not bring harm to humanity, through action or inaction
• Gaps in ethical issues in robotics mostly exist in instances where robots interact with human lives
• Telesurgery


  The surgeon and the patient are separated by long distances
• Robotic liability matrix


  Assigns weights to the liabilities that are to be shouldered by the involved parties. Since liability is shared, no single party is indicted, leading to fairer judgment of the case