1. THE HUMAN ORGANISM

• Anatomy - Investigates body structure - The term means to dissect
• Physiology - Investigates the process and functions
• Human Physiology: - Studies human organism
• Systemic Physiology - Studies body-organ systems
• Cellular Physiology - Studies body cells
• Surface - Studies external features, for example, bone projections
• Regional - Studies body regions (med school for cadaver)
• Anatomical Imaging - using technologies (x-rays, CT scans, MRI scans) to visualize internal structures
• Chemical: - Smallest level - Atoms, chemical, molecules, ions, and electrons
• Cellular - Cells: basic units of life - Compartments and organelles - Examples are mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplasts
• Tissues - Group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release - Four broad types: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
• Organs - Two or more tissues types acting together to perform function(s) - examples : stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, kidney.
• Organ-System - Group of organs contributing to some function - Example: digestive system, reproductive system
• Organism - All organ systems working together - Includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria
• Integumentary System - Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of the nails, hair, skin, sebaceous glands and sweat glands.
• Skeletal System - Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue. Consist of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints
• Muscular System - Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.
• Nervous System - A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, psychological processes , and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
• Endocrine System - A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and other functions. Consist of the endocrine glands such as the pituitary glands that secrete hormones.
• Cardiovascular System - Transports nutrients, waste products , gasses and, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Lymphatic System - Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract. Consist of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, & other lymphatic organs.
• Respiratory System - Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.
• Digestive System - Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consist of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and other accessory organs
• Urinary System - Removes waste product from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ureters.
• Female Reproductive System - Produces oocytes is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structure.
• Male reproductive System - Produces and transfers sperm cell to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the testes, accessory structure, ducts, and penis
• Organization refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions
• Metabolism (mĕ-tab′ō-lizm) refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism. It includes an organism’s ability to break down food molecules, which the organism uses as a source of energy and raw materials to synthesize its own molecules.
• Responsiveness is an organism’s ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.
• Growth refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism.
• Development includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death. Differentiation involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state. Morphogenesis is the change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism
• Reproduction is the formation of new cells or new organisms.