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aqa biology paper 2
homeostasis and response
hormones and reproduction
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Fertility reduction methods
Hormonal
methods
Non-hormonal
methods
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Hormonal methods
Oral contraceptives (the combined pill) that contain oestrogen and
progesterone
, which inhibit FSH production so that no
eggs
are released
An injection, implant or skin patch of slow release
progesterone
to stop the release of
eggs
for a number of months or years
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Non-hormonal methods
Barrier methods, such as
condoms
and diaphragms, that prevent the sperm from reaching an
egg
Intrauterine
devices, which prevent embryos from
implanting
in the uterus
Spermicidal
creams, which kill or disable sperm
Not having intercourse when an egg may be in the
oviduct
Surgical
methods of male and female
sterilisation
, such as cutting the sperm ducts or tying the fallopian tubes
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Increasing fertility with IVF
1. Giving a woman
FSH
and LH to stimulate the growth of many
eggs
2. Collecting the
eggs
from the woman
3. Fertilising the
eggs
with
sperm
from the father in the laboratory
4. Inserting one or two
embryos
into the
woman's uterus
(womb)
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Fertility treatment
It is
emotionally
and
physically
stressful
The success rates are not
high
It can lead to
multiple
births, which are a
risk
to both the babies and the mother
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Oestrogen
The main female sex hormone, produced by the
ovaries
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Testosterone
The main male sex hormone, produced by the
testes
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Ovulation
The release of
eggs
from the
ovaries
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Hormones involved in the menstrual cycle
Follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH)
Oestrogen
Luteinising
hormone (LH)
Progesterone
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Control of the menstrual cycle
1.
FSH
causes eggs to
mature
in the ovaries in the first part of the cycle
2. Oestrogen stimulates the
ovaries
to produce more oestrogen, and inhibits
FSH
release
3.
LH
stimulates the release of the egg from the
ovary
(ovulation)
4.
Progesterone
maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle, and inhibits both
FSH
and LH release
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An egg is released by
ovulation
approximately every
28
days, but this timescale can vary considerably between different women
View source
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