bio final

• Define Phylogenic tree


  Branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships between organisms (aka cladograms).
• Define Taxonomy


  The assignment of a specific scientific name to an organism. Ex. Escherichia coli > E. coli
• Define Taxon


  An organism that is placed into a larger and larger category. Generally a group of organisms in a classification system.
• Define Prokaryote/Prokaryotic


  An organism who's cells have no nuclei.
• Define Microflora


  A number of bacteria and microbes that commonly exist in our bodies. They help to defend from harmful microbes, digestion, and for the synthesis of important molecules.
• Define Unicellular


  One cell.
• Define Capsule


  The outer protective layer of bacteria.
• Define Gram-positive, Gram-negative


  Gram-Positive: it contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan outside of the cell membrane, holds onto stain (purple stain)

  
  

  Gram-Negative: it contains a thin layer of peptidoglycan between two membranes, does not hold onto stain (pink or red stain).
• Define Cell wall


  It helps keep the shape of a cell, and protects the cell from swelling or bursting. Are chemically different from plant cell walls.
• Define Peptidoglycan


  A matrix of sugar cross that is linked to amino acids. Makes up the cell wall.
• Define Aerobic, Facultative anaerobic, Obligate anaerobe

  Aerobic: They are bacteria that use oxygen to carry on respiration which produces energy (like humans).

  
  

  Facultative anaerobic: They are bacteria that can produce energy with or without oxygen.

  
  

  Obligate anaerobe: They are bacteria that can only produce their energy in an oxygen-fire environment.
• Define Autotroph(-ic)


  Bacteria that obtain their energy from inorganic sources (make own food for energy)
• Define Heterotroph(-ic)


  Bacteria that obtain their energy from organic sources, so are decomposers. (must consume food for energy) Key for biologically recycling nutrients.

  Two types: Saphrobes and parasites
• Define Chemoautotroph(-ic)


  Bacteria where energy comes from inorganic molecules such as nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, and iron compounds.
• Define Photosynthetic


  Bacteria that contains chlorophyll in the cell membrane. These are the blue-green or cyanobacteria.
• Define Parasite


  These bacteria live on in living organisms and may cause disease. Like meningitis, and pneumonia.
• Define Saprobe


  They feed dead plant and animal matter, gives soil its characteristic smell. Includes mutant bacteria
• Define Multicellular


  Made of many cells.
• Define Eukaryote/Eukaryotic


  A cell with a nucleus enclosed with a membrane
• Define Protozoan


  Are animal-like protists that are unicellular and heterotrophic. Are generally motile and can reproduce either sexually or asexually.
• Define Zooflagellates, Ciliates, Amoeboids


  Zooflagellates: Are colourless heterotrophs that move by flagella, most symbiotic.

  
  

  Ciliates: Single-celled organisms that move by means of cilia.

  
  

  Amoeboids: Moves by pseudopodia and is fed by phagocytosis.
• Define Cilia


  Small hairs that help for movement that aid in prey capturing and feeding.
• Define Pseudopod(-ia)


  False foot, a cytoplasmic extension.
• Define Algae (brown, green, red)

  Brown: Is multicellular seaweeds like kelp. That has accessory pigments ranging in colours from brown to black.

  
  

  Green: Are autotrophic and contains chlorophyll with green/blue pigments. Has cell walls of cellulose.

  
  

  Red: Is mainly multicellular seaweeds that contains chlorophyll with red/blue pigments. It produces gelling agents like agar.
• Define Slime molds, cellular slime molds

  Slime mold: It feeds on dead plant material and bacteria. Are plasmodial (acellular) slime molds, it exists as a plasmodium

  
  

  Cellular slime mold: It exists as individual amoeboid cells and is a common soil decomposers. When food is scarce, they aggregate together to form a pseudoplasmodium.
• Define Hyphae


  Are filaments that increase surface area for absorption (takes nutrients from the environment and transports them). Are the structures which arrange fungi.
• Define Mycelium


  Is a mass of filaments to make up a fungus body.
• Define Chitin


  In a fungal cell structure, it has a cell wall that contains chitin. It is a polymer of glucose. It is found in exoskeletons of animals and moves toward food sources by growing toward it.
• Define Spores (asexual)


  Are reproductive cells that form without fertilization, in asexual reproduction are called conidia.
• Define Budding


  Is unequal binary fission.
• Define Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota


  Zygomycota: zygospore fungi - saprotrophs and parasites, black bread mold is a familiar zygospore fungus, uses zygospore for reproduction

  
  

  Ascomycota: sac fungi - the sexual reproductive structure is called an ascus, asci are enclosed within an ascocarp, in asexual reproduction the asexual spores are called conidia, unicellular ascomycetes are often called yeasts

  
  

  Basidiomycota: club fungi - the characteristic sexual reproductive structure is called basidium, sexual reproduction is most prominent in this group
• Define the alternation of generations of plants

  All plants go through two major stages in their life cycle: the sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage. Different divisions of plants favour these two stages differently. More complex plants make a larger sporophyte than simpler plants.
• Define Sporophyte


  This stage begins when two gametes fuse together, and it produces spores by meiosis. The plant is diploid (2N) in this stage, and the spores are haploid (N).
• Define Gametophyte


  It is formed from spores released by the sporophyte, and it produces gametes by mitosis. The plant is haploid (N) in this stage. These gametes will eventually fuse, forming a zygote (2N) that will develop into a new sporophyte.
• Define Xylem


  Vascular tissue that carries mostly water.
• Define Phloem


  Vascular tissue that carries mostly nutrients.
• Define Angiosperm


  They all produce a flower and rely on a variety of pollinators. The plant encloses their seeds for protection, developed in a closed ovary (into a fruit).
• Define Gymnosperm


  Plants whose seeds are "exposed" (gymno=naked) as they develop on the mature sporophyte.
• Define Bryophyta


  - Non-Vascular plants

  - Lacks the tissue that transports water, glucose, and other nutrients through "its body"

  - Relies on osmosis and diffusion

  - Must live in a watery, moist environment
• Define Pteridophyta


  - Seedless vascular plants

  - Very adaptable, can grow in some of the harshest conditions

  - Can produce nutrients and conditions that allow other plants to grow

  - Can reproduce asexually or sexually