Finals

• DNA


  Deoxyribose nucleic acid bonded to phosphate
• RNA


  Ribose nucleic acid
• Purines for DNA


  • adenine
  • guanine
• Pyrimidines for DNA


  • thymine
  • cytosine
• DNA


  • In the Nucleus only
  • Double stranded
  • ATCG
  • Deoxyribose sugar
• RNA


  • Nucleus and cytoplasm (ribosome)
  • Single stranded AUCG
  • Ribose sugar
  • 3 main types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
• Transcription


  Copying of DNA onto an mRNA strand, in the nucleus
• Translation


  mRNA moves out of nucleus and through a ribosome (tRNA catches amino acids)
• Cellular Respiration


  C6H12O6 + O2 -> ATP -> CO2 + H2O
• Cellular Respiration


  • Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, mitochondrial matrix, inner mitochondrial membrane, and intermembrane space
  • Glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain
• DNA replication


  Complete a strand of DNA
• RNA pairing


  A goes with U, and G goes with C
• DNA pairing


  A goes with T, and G goes with C
• ATP


  Adenosine/Adenine Tri Phosphate (nitrogenous base, three phosphates, and a ribose)
• ADP


  Adenosine/Adenine Di Phosphate (nitrogenous base, two phosphates, and a ribose)
• Nucleotide


  Sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, and a nitrogenous base (adenine and guanine have two rings)
• Pharyngeal Pouch


  Develops into lungs or gills, common component of chordate, paired structures in throat
• Levels of Organization in the environment

  • Organism
  • Population
  • Species
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Biome
  • Biosphere
• Abiotic


  • temp
  • soil
  • light
  • moisture
• Biotic


  • humans
  • caterpillars
  • rabbit
  • fox
• Ecological roles


  • Primary producer
  • Consumer
  • Carnivore
  • Herbivore
  • Omnivore
  • Detritivore
  • Decomposer
  • Predator
  • Prey
  • Host
  • Symbiont
  • Mutualism
  • Parasitism
  • Parasite
• Cladogram


  Main line is evolution, notches in line represent traits organisms have after that, organisms in the line branch off, it is showing the ancestral relationships among organism
• Amphibians evolved from lobe finned fish ancestor
• Food Web


  Collection of food chains
• Food Chain


  Shows who eats who in one straight line
• Trophic level


  Hierarchical system, like producer, primary consumer,etc
• Biomass


  The mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time
• Animals with simplest body symmetry

  • Cnidarians, anemone, jellyfish
• Gizzard


  Just before the intestine, in earthworms and birds, used for grinding food, near the stomach
• Notochord


  Flexible and provides support
• Niche


  Role that an organism plays in an environment, different responses to competition and resources
• Mitosis


  1. Interphase

  2. Prophase

  3. Metaphase

  4. Anaphase

  5. Telophase
• Centromere


  Part of a chromosome
• Biomes


  • Desert
  • Temperate Forest
  • Tundra
  • Tropical Dry Forest
• Estuary


  Freshwater meets salt water; mix of fresh and salt water
• Punnett Square


  Used to find the percentage of a trait
• Genotypes


  • Homozygous Recessive
  • Heterozygous
  • Homozygous Dominant
• Gregor Mendel


  Austrian monk (1822 – 1844) studies the inheritance of traits in pea plants, found that plants offspring retains traits from parents, called father of genetics
• Probability Principles


  • Axioms of probability
  • Addition rule
  • Multiplication rule
  • Conditional probability
• Worm


  Aortic Arch, Mouth, Clitellum and Anus