Space and Earth

• spring tides -strongest tides; when the sun, Earth, moon are in a straight line; sun's and the moon's gravities adds up
• neap tides - weakest tides; when the sun, Earth anr moon form a right angle; the sun's and the moon's gravities canvel out one another
• comets - "dirty snowballs" heads of ice and rock, tails of dust and gases by solar radiation ; tails points away from the sun
• ACTIVITIES ON THE SUN

  • solar wind - stream of high energy particles sent into space; causes the light displays aurora borealis(if seen from northern hemisphere) and aurora australis (Southern hemisphere)
  • prominences - storms that look like huge arches; may last several days
  • solar flares - more intense than prominence; last only about 15 minutes
  • sunspots- cool black storm areas
• • meteoroid - a small rock that is in orbit around the sun.
  • meteor - a meteoroid as it burns up in the atmosphere; "shooting star"
  • meteorite - when a meteoroid survives and does not completely burn up and hits the ground
• Polaris - North Star; tip of Little Dipper's "handle"
• Sirius - brightest star in the night sky; "Dog Star"
• Ursa major - The Great Bear; contains the Big Dipper
• Ursa Minor- Little bear; contains the Little Dipper
• Canis Major - Big Dog; contains Sirius

  Canis Minor- Little Dog
• Orion - The hunter
• • Proxima Centauri - closest star to Earth but is too small to be seen in the night sky
  • Alpha Centauri - closest star to Earth that is visible in the night sky
• Pegasus - The winged horse
• PLATE BOUNDARIES

  divergent - plates move away from one another, forming mid-ocean ridges
• convergent - plates move toward each other

  oceanic-continental – the oceanic plate is subducted intto the mantle, magma rises, forming mountain ranges usually containing volcanoes

  oceanic-oceanic – one of the two plates is subducted into the mantle, magma rises, forming volcanoes; also creates trenches

  continental-continental – neither plate is fully subducted ; the plates are forced to one another, forming tall mountains
• transform - plates slide past one another, causing earthquakes
• FAULTS

  • normal dip-slip

  
• FAULTS

  reverse dip-slip/thrust fault

  
• FAULTS

  strike-slip

  
• EARTHQUAKES

  • magnitude - "size" of an earthquake, measured using the Richter scale ( 1 to 10, wherein maagnitude 2 is ten times stronger than magnitude 1) or Moment Magintude scale(now more commonly used because of higher precision)
  • intensity - amount of damage;measured using the Mercalli scale (1 to 12)
  • epicenter - the point on the earth's surface directly above the focus
  • focus - an earthquake's point of origin
• ROCKS

  • igneous - are formed from melted rocks deep inside the Earth/from lava; examples: granite, basalt
  • metamorphic - from other rocks that were changed due to intense heat and pressure; e.g. marble, slate
  • sedimentary- from sediments which were eroded to lower places; e.g. sandstone, shale
• increasing particle size

  decreasing water-holding capacity

  clay>silt>sand>pebbles>gravel
• THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT - by Alfred Wegener(1912), the theory of movement of the continents relative to each other; some evidences are:

  1. fossils in Africa and South America
  2. positions of mountain ranges
  3. glacial striations - scratchss in rock caused by movement of glaciers
  4. tillites - glacial sediments buried in rock
• THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS - theory that tectonic plates move; explains continental drift

  • Pangaea - the "supercontinent" that existed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras ; broke up during the Mesozoic era
  • Laurasia - in the North, started breaking up into Asia, Europe, and North America during the Cenozoic era
  • Gondwanaland - in the South, started breaking up into Africa, Antartica, and South America during the Mesozoic era
• will not run out due to continuous use (e.g. solar, hydroelectric, geothermal)

  renewable energy sources
• in danger of running out (e.g. fossil fuels, oils, natural gas, coal)

  non-renewable energy sources
• energy sources that were formed by nature for hundreds of millions of years from dead plant and animals, may run out in just a few more years (e.g. petroleum, coal, natural gas)

  fossil fuels
• WEATHER INSTRUMENTS

  • barometer - air pressure
  • anemometer - wind speed
  • hygrometer - humidity
  • wind vane - wind direction
  • rain gauge - amount of rainfall
• LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

  THANKU SO MUCH TE!!!!

  1. troposphere -life forms, weather, densest layer
  2. stratosphere - ozone layer, airplanes
  3. mesosphere - coldest, meteors burn up
  4. thermospere - ionosphere, hottest
  5. exosphere - man-made satellites
• KINDS OF STORM

  • thunderstorms - clouds become electrically charged, producing lightning and thunder
  • tropical depression - up to 63 km/hr winds
  • tropical storm - 63‐117 km/hr winds
  • typhoons - Pacific ocean origin 120-350 km/hr
  • hurricane - Atlantic ocean origin 120-350 km/hr
  • cyclone - Indian Ocean Origin 120-350 km/hr
  • tornadoes - small but 500 km/hr
• PHASES OF THE MOON

  1. New moon
  2. Waxing crescent
  3. First quarter
  4. Waxing gibbous
  5. Full moon
  6. Waning gibbous
  7. Last quarter
  8. Waning crescent