Definitions

• Addition reaction


  A chemical reaction where 2 reactants combine to make one product (2 become 1)
• Arene


  A chemical compounds containing at least one benzene ring
• Aromatic


  A chemical compounds containing at least one benzene ring
• Curly arrow


  electrons which are shared between more than 2 atoms
• Delocalised electrons


  A pair of electrons shared between more than 2 atoms
• Electrophile


  an electron PAIR acceptor
• Hydrogenation


  A reaction in which a substance combines with hydrogen
• Intermediate


  A chemical substance formed from the reactants which goes on to react further to give the products of a reaction
• Localised electrons


  A pair of electrons shared between 2 atoms
• Nitrating mixture


  A mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids
• Nucleophile


  an electron PAIR donor
• Pi-bond


  The reactive part of a double bond formed from the sideways overlap of p-orbitals
• Reflux


  the continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture without loss of volatile compounds
• Substitution reaction


  a reaction where an atom or group of atoms is replaced with another atom or group of atoms
• Acid


  A proton (H+) donor
• Esterification


  the reaction between an alcohol and carboxylic acid producing an ester and water
• Hydrolysis


  the chemical breaking down of a substance into two compounds by reaction with water or aqueous H+ or OH- ions
• α-amino acid


  An amino acid in which the NH2 and COOH groups are bonded to the SAME carbon atom i.e. RCH(NH2)COOH
• Base


  A proton (H+) acceptor
• Chiral centre


  A carbon atom with 4 different atoms/groups attached
• Dative covalent (coordinate) bond

  A shared pair of electrons where BOTH electrons come from the same atom
• Enantiomer


  One of two optical isomers
• Optical isomers


  Stereoisomers which are non-superimposable mirror images of each

  other
• Stereoisomers


  Compounds with the same structural formula but different arrangements of atoms/groups in space
• Addition polymer


  A long chain molecule formed by the combining of many unsaturated monomer molecules without loss of any atoms
• Condensation polymer


  A long chain molecule formed by the combining of many monomer molecules with the subsequent loss of a small molecule such

  as water
• Hydrolysis


  The chemical breaking down of a substance into two compounds by reaction with water oraqueous H+ or OH- ions
• Amide bond


  Functional group consisting of a C=O bonded to a nitrogen
• Polymerisation


  The process where small molecules (monomers) combine to make one large molecule (polymer)
• Anti ‘bumping’ granules


  Small unevenly shaped pieces of substance (glass/alumina/porcelain) added to reaction flasks to prevent uneven boiling (bumping)
• Distillation


  The separation of the components in a liquid mixture by evaporation and condensing due to differences in boiling points
• Quickfit apparatus


  Specialist glassware with ground glass joints used in organic reactions
• Recrystallisation


  A purifying technique where a compound and impurities are dissolved in hot solvent but the compound recrystallises as the solvent is cooled leaving the impurities in solution
• Reflux


  The continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture without loss of volatile product
• absorption


  soaking into a material
• Adsorption


  The process where a solid holds molecules at the surface by weak bonds
• Chemical shift


  The resonant frequency of a nucleus relative to a standard in a magnetic field.
• Chromatogram


  a visible record showing the result of separation of a mixture by chromatography
• Doublet


  An NMR signal consisting of two lines
• GC


  Gas chromatography