L8-L15

• Lot Quality Assessment Sampling

  (LQAS)

  It is a tool that allows the use of small

  random samples to distinguish between

  different groups of data elements (or Lots)

  with high and low data quality.
• Routine Data Quality Assessment

  The RDQA is a simplified version of the Data

  Quality Audit (DQA) which allows programs

  and projects to verify and assess the quality

  of their reported data.

  It also aims to strengthen their data

  management and reporting systems.
• Development Implementation Plan


  A project management tool that shows how a project will evolve at a high level. It helps ensure that a development team is working to deliver and complete tasks on time
• The plan validates the estimation and schedule of the project plan
• Define Goals/Objectives


  Answers the question "What do you want to accomplish?"
• Schedule Milestones


  Outline the high level schedule in the implementation phase
• Allocate Resources


  Determine whether you have sufficient resources, and decide how you will procure what's missing
• Designate Team Member Responsibilities

  Create a general team plan with overall roles that each team member will play
• Define Metrics for Success:

  How will you determine if you have

  achieved your goal? (Smartsheet,

  2017)
• Data Quality Tools

  A data quality tool analyzes information and

  identifies incomplete or incorrect data.

  Cleansing such data follows after the

  completion of the profiling of data

  concerns, which could range anywhere

  from removing abnormalities to merging

  repeated information.

  Usually these data quality software

  products can share features with master

  date management, data integration, or big

  data solutions.
• Root Cause Analysis

  A root cause analysis is a class of problem

  solving methods aimed at identifying the root causes of the problems or events

  instead of simply addressing the obvious

  symptoms.

  The aim is to improve the quality of the

  products by using systematic ways in order

  to be effective (Bowen, 2011)
• echniques in Root Cause Analysis

  Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)

  To find various modes for failure

  within a system. FMEA requires

  several steps for execution:

  All failure modes (the way in

  which an observed failure

  occurs) must be determined.

  How many times does a

  cause of failure occur?

  What actions are

  implemented to prevent this

  cause from occurring again?

  Are the actions effective and

  efficient?
• Pareto Analysis

  Operates using Pareto principle

  (20% of the work creates 80% of the

  results.)

  You will want to run Pareto analysis

  any time when there are multiple

  potential causes to a problem.

  First, you will list potential causes in

  a bar graph across the bottom - from

  the most important cause on the left

  to the least important cause on the

  right.

  Then, you will track the cumulative

  percentage in a line graph to the top

  of the table. The causes reflected on

  the table should account for at least

  eighty percent of those involved in

  the problem.
• Fault Tree Analysis It uses Boolean logic to determine

  the root causes of an undesirable

  event. This technique is usually used

  in risk analysis and safety analysis.

  At the top of the fault tree, the

  undesirable result is listed. From this

  event, all potential causes tree down

  from it. Each potential cause is listed

  on the diagram in the shape of an

  upside down tree.
• Current Reality Tree (CRT)

  The current reality tree analyzes a

  system at once. It would be used

  when many problems exist and you

  want to get to the root causes of all

  the problems.

  The first step in creating a current

  reality tree is listing all of the

  undesirables or, problems.

  Then begin a chart starting with

  each of those problems using causal

  language (if...and...then).
• Fishbone or Ishikawa or Cause-and-Effect

  Diagrams

  A fishbone diagram will group

  causes into categories including:

  People

  Measurements

  Methods

  Materials

  Environment

  Machines

  No matter what term you use for

  the fishbone diagram, the truth is,

  that it is a useful technique that will

  help you in your root cause analysis.
• Kepner-Tregoe Technique

  Also known as rational process is

  intended to break a problem down

  to its root cause.

  This process begins with an appraisal

  of the situation - what are the

  priorities and orders for concerns for

  specific issues?

  Next, the problem analysis is

  undertaken to get to the cause of

  undesired events.

  Then, a decision analysis is tackled,

  outlining various decisions that must

  be made.

  Finally, a potential problem analysis

  is made to ensure that the actions

  decided upon in step three are

  sustainable.
• RPR Problem Diagnosis


  Rapid Problem Resolution - a technique used in root cause analyses to diagnose the causes of recurrent problems
• RPR Problem Diagnosis


  1. Discover - team members gather data and analyze their findings

  2. Investigate - a diagnostic plan is created and the root cause is identified through careful analysis of the diagnostic data

  3. Fix - the problem is fixed and monitored to ensure that the proper root cause was identified
• Ask Why 5 Times

  Useful for getting to the underlying causes of a problem. By identifying the problem, and then asking "why" five times - getting progressively deeper into the problem, the root cause can be strategically identified and tackled.
• Data quality is the overall utility of a

  dataset(s) as a function of its ability to be

  processed easily and analyzed for a

  database, data warehouse, or data analytics

  system.
• Laboratory Information Management System

  Designed to help process information in medical

  research to improve efficiency of the department’s

  services and laboratory operations by reducing manual

  tasks and procedures.
• Laboratory Standard

  Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  (OSHA) released an “Occupational Exposure to

  Hazardous Chemicals to Laboratory Standard

  (29 CFR 1910.1450)” in to 2011 to facilitate

  laboratory safety.

  Laboratory is a workplace where hazardous

  chemicals are used. It is a facility that stores

  small quantities of hazardous chemicals which

  are intended for production use.

  Chemical Hygiene Plan discusses all aspects of

  the laboratory standards that should be

  formulated if the standards apply.
• Materials Management System

  “Used to manage functions like purchasing, accounting,

  inventory management, and patient supply charges –

  that is to ensure that services are rendered successfully

  form one source to an end user.”
• Purchase request is the beginning of the procurement

  process.

  Items needed

  Quantity

  When is it needed
• Inventory Control

  Ensuring Shipment Accuracy

  Aligning with Sales Projections

  Complying with Regulations

  Establishing Buying Cycles
• Reordering Level and Minimum and

  Maximum Inventory Ordering

  Reorder level is the minimum quantity of an

  item that a company has in stock.

  Min/Max inventory ordering method

  “Min” value is representative of a stock level that

  prompts a reorder, and the “Max” value is

  representative of a new targeted stock level that

  follows the reorder.
• Enquiries and Quotations for Drugs,

  Consumable, Assets and General Items

  Materials Management Process

  ENQUIRIES

  The beginning of the purchasing process.

  INVOICES

  It is a commercial document that indicates the

  product, the ordered quantity, and the agreed price.

  QUOTATIONS

  States the price, delivery details and payment

  terms of the items.

  DOCUMENTS

  It is a statutory requirements used during

  purchase and sales transactions.

  ORDERS

  It is the intention to engage in commercial

  operations for a specific product or service.
• Comparison of Quotations and Preferred

  Vendors

  PURCHASE QUOTATIONS

  A document for requesting prices and delivery

  information from a vendor before the purchase order.

  PREFERRED VENDORS

  Look for a vendor who has on-time

  performance, offers reasonable costs, provides high

  quality products and services, offers fully licensed,

  bonded and insured products and services, and has

  good business practices.

  Purchase Request

  A document that notifies the purchasing

  department that certain items or services need to be

  replenished.
• Purchase Orders

  A legally binding contract which shows that the

  seller has already accepted the order issued by the

  buyer.

  Information about the buyer and seller

  Order number and date

  Item description

  Shipping information

  Billing address

  Authorized signature

  Approval Process

  Approval processes are a type of workflow,

  which is any sequence of work from initiation to

  completion, that you can create to ensure work is

  approved the same way every time.
• Expired Stock / Inventory

  Expiration dates and decrease in values of items

  must be reflected in the financial records so

  discrepancies in financial statements will be prevented.

  Quarantine Stock / Inventory

  Inventory is put into quarantine if it is initially

  rejected during

  “Move Rejected End Item to Quarantine”

  Inbound inspection upon receipt of:

  Purchased items

  Sold items on sales return orders

  Outbound inspection upon issue of

  materials to production
• Most common technique in inventory

  First In, First Out
• •Common among non-perishable items

  Last In, First Out
• •Materials are sold based on the dates they

  should be consumed.

  First Expired, First Out]
• Three main aspects of information ethics

  • General Ethics
  • Informatics Ethics
  • Software Ethics
• Autonomy


  The idea of either allowing individuals to make their own decisions in response to a particular societal context, or being free from external influence or control
• Beneficence


  Usage of stored data in the EHR system
• Non-maleficence


  How the stored data is protected
• Software Ethics


  The ethical duties and responsibilities of software developers to the stakeholders
• Must build products that meet the professional standards through testing and detailing unresolved issues