Gender and Criminal Courts Outcomes

• What was happening during the late 19th and early 20th Centuries in the urban eras?

  What was happening during the late 19th and early 20th Centuries were:

  • Populations moving towards urban centres.
  • Highly visible concentrations of crime, disease, and poverty.
  • Lower classes viewed as a threat to modern cities by reformers.
• Moral Reform


  An attempt to force lower class city dwellers to conform to the values of the church-going middle class.