chemistry paper 2

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    Created by
    Kirsten Ingham

    Cards (70)

    • alkene to alkane?
      H2, Ni
    • alkene to haloalkane?
      HBr
    • alkene to alcohol?
      steam, H3PO4
    • alkane to haloalkane?
      halogen, UV
    • haloalkane to alcohol?
      NaOH
    • haloalkane to nitrile?
      CN, ethanol
    • haloalkane to amine?
      NH3, ethanol
    • alcohol to haloalkane?
      NaBr, H2SO4
    • alcohol to alkene?
      H3PO4, heat
    • alcohol to ester?
      carboxylic acid, conc H2SO4
    • alcohol to carboxylic acid?
      K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, reflux
    • alcohol to ketone?
      K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, reflux
    • alcohol to aldehyde?
      K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, distil
    • ketone/aldehyde to alcohol?
      NaBH4
    • ketone/aldehyde to hydroxynitrile?
      CN, H+
    • nitrile/hydroxynitrile to amine?
      H2, Ni
    • nitrile/hydroxynitrile to carboxylic acid?
      H2O, HCl, heat
    • aldehyde to carboxylic acid?
      K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, reflux
    • carboxylic acid to ester?
      alcohol, conc H2SO4
    • ester to carboxylic acid?
      dilute acid, heat
    • ester to carboxylate salt?
      base, heat
    • carboxylic acid to acyl chloride?
      SOCl2
    • acyl chloride to carboxylic acid?
      H2O
    • acyl chloride to ester?
      alcohol
    • acyl chloride to 1 amide?
      NH3
    • acyl chloride to 2 amide?
      primary amine
    • sigma bond?

      overlap of orbitals between bonding atoms
    • pi bond?

      sideways overlap of adjacent p orbitals
    • is pi or sigma bond stronger?
      sigma
    • requirements for cis/trans isomerism?
      one group one each C is the same, restricted rotation around C=C bond
    • requirements for E/Z isomerism?
      different groups bonded to each C, restricted rotation around C=C bond
    • why does less branching=higher MP?
      more points of surface contact, more London forces
    • purify aqueous cyclopentene?

      neutralise with Na2CO3, organic layer on top, dry with Na2SO4, redistil
    • why is there low atom economy with haloalkanes?
      further substitution, substitution at different positions on chain
    • homologous series?

      series of organic compounds with same functional group, similar chemical properties, successive members differ by CH2
    • heterolytic fission?

      breaking of a covalent bond, one atom receives both electrons
    • what is used as a solvent in NMR?
      CDCl3
    • function of D2O in NMR?
      identify OH or NH protons
    • What is used as a standard for chemical shift measurements?
      Si(CH3)4
    • similarities between delocalised and kekule?
      sideways overlap of p orbitals, pi system above and below bonding atoms
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