Science ALL

• nose or mouth


  Where air enters the body first
• nasal cavity


  Tunnel that leads air to inner parts of respiratory tract
• Air is filtered by hair and mucous lining of the nasal cavity
• pharynx


  At the edge of your throat where digestive and respiratory tracts diverge
• epiglottis


  Thin cartilage that covers air passage, prevents food from entering the lungs
• Don't talk when your mouth is full
• larynx


  Contains the vocal cords, links pharynx and trachea
• trachea


  Windpipe, where air travels to lungs, filters air
• bronchi


  Made of cartilage, have tiny hairs called cilia
• bronchioles


  Smaller branches of cartilage inside the lungs
• lungs


  Biggest part of system, pair of spongy bags where gases interchange, enables breathing, talking, singing
• Right lung is bigger and has 3 lobes, left lung is longer and has 3 lobes
• Left lung is longer because there is a liver underneath the right lung
• lobes


  Hold tiny tubes within the lungs
• pleura


  Thin membrane that envelopes and separates the lobes from chest wall
• alveoli


  Small spongy sacs of air at the tip of bronchioles, 300 to 500 million inside our body
• rib cage


  Protects the lungs and other organs in the system
• diaphragm


  Curved muscle that contracts and enlarges, where the lungs sit
• Inhalation


  Organs contract and expand, air is drawn in, ribs move out, diaphragm moves down
• Exhalation


  Organs deflate, move back to original, air is forced out, ribs move inwards, diaphragm moves back
• Not all traits predicted by scientists followed Mendel's law of inheritance
• Gregor Mendel's pea-plant experiment led to a major breakthrough in the study of genetics and patterns of inheritance
• Types of Alleles


  • Dominant (Rr, RR)
  • Recessive (rr)
• Law of Segregation


  Pairs of alleles segregate and reunite at fertilization, each parent has two alleles but only one will be inherited by the offspring
• Law of Independent Assortment

  Segregation of genes independently, an individual inherits the traits separately
• Law of Dominance


  The dominant allele will mask the traits of the recessive allele, recessive allele can show up if an individual inherits 2 copies
• Incomplete Dominance


  Inherited trait is a blend of parental traits, one of the alleles is not entirely dominant over recessive
• Incomplete Dominance


  • Cross-breeding of homozygous red bull and homozygous white cow results in brown fur with strips of white
  • Cross-breeding of black rabbit and white rabbit results in grey
• Sex-Limited Traits


  Traits appear in males or females only
• Sex-Limited Traits


  • Female cattle can lactate or produce milk, male sheep can grow horns on head while female sheep can't, female humans can develop breasts and ovaries while male humans produce sperm
• Sex-Influenced Traits


  Chromosomes influenced by sex cells, traits can be expressed in both sexes but more frequent in one
• Sex-Influenced Traits


  • Baldness happens more in males than in females, cleft lip happens more in males than in females (3:2), rheumatoid arthritis happens more in females than in males (3:1)
• Sex-Linked Traits


  Traits that can be controlled by sex chromosomes, Y-linked traits for males only, X-linked traits for both sexes
• Sex-Linked Traits


  • Red-green color blindness occurs more in males, hemophilia (bleeder's disease) may cause severe bleeding in males
• Codominance


  Both alleles are equally strong, no allele is dominant nor recessive, phenotypic traits are the results
• Codominance


  • Erminette, a type of chicken with unblended white and black feathers
• Multiple Alleles


  More than 2 alleles that carry genetic code, 2 possible phenotypes can be expressed in an offspring
• Polygenes


  Several pairs of alleles that influence a phenotypic trait, both biological and environmental factors influence the traits
• Polygenes


  • Inheriting a gene for light-colored skin but appearing darker due to always being under the sun, inheriting a gene for intelligence but not reflecting in school performance due to poor diet and sluggishness
• Sex-Inherited Traits


  Traits can only be inherited biologically, some traits are only for females and others are only for males