disease

• Pathology


  The study of disease
• Pathology


  • Includes the study of basic structural & functional changes associated with a disease
  • Includes the study of the sequence of events that leads from structural & functional abnormalities to clinical manifestations

  
• Pathogenesis


  The sequence of events that leads from structural & functional abnormalities to clinical manifestations

  
• Pathophysiology


  The study of the pathogenesis of disease

  
• Pathologists


  Practice laboratory medicine / study basic aspects of disease within a department of pathology associated with a hospital and/or medical school
• Branches of pathology


  • General pathology
  • Systemic pathology
  • Gross pathology
  • Cellular pathology
  • Surgical pathology
  • Clinical pathology
  • Immunopathology
• General pathology


  The study of the fundamental principles & mechanisms underlying diseases, focusing on the common processes that occur in various organs and tissues

  
• Systemic pathology


  The study of specific diseases affecting different organ systems in the body, delving deeper into the detailed pathology of individual organs
• Subdivisions of clinical pathology

  • Histopathology
  • Cytopathology
  • Haematology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Chemical pathology
  • Genetics
  • Toxicology
  • Forensic pathology

  
• Types of pathologists


  • Experimental pathologists
  • Anatomic pathologists
  • Clinical pathologists
• Experimental pathologists


  Basic scientists who spend most of their time in research, investigating the causes & mechanisms of disease
• Anatomic pathologists


  Perform autopsies, examine all tissues removed from live patients (surgical pathology) & examine cell preparations to look for cancer cells (cytopathology)
• Clinical pathologists


  Analyze various specimens removed from patients, such as blood, urine, feces, spinal fluid, or sputum, for chemical substances, microorganisms, antigens & antibodies, nucleic acids, atypical blood cells, & coagulation factors
• Anatomic & clinical pathologists are primarily concerned with diagnosing diseases, but especially at hospitals associated with medical schools, they may also be engaged in research & teaching
• History of pathology


  • 4000 BC - Babylonian & Sumerian "physicians" recording urine evaluations
  • 300-100 BC - Ancient Hindu physicians testing urine
  • 400-301 BC - Hippocrates interpreting body functioning based on urine
  • 101-200 AD - Galen clarifying urine was a filtrate of blood
  • 13th century - Modino de' Luzzi employing Alessandra Giliani as a medical/surgical assistant
• Disease


  A physical / functional disorder of normal body systems that places an individual at increased risk of adverse consequences
• What should we know about a disease?

  • Definition
  • Epidemiology
  • Etiology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Morphology
  • Functional consequences
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

  
• Pathology focuses on 4 aspects of disease

  • Etiology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Morphology
  • Functional changes / consequences

  
• Diagnosis


  Identifying diseases by examination of patient's history & physical examination, examining cells & tissues, and imaging the intact body
• Techniques used in pathology

  • Light microscopy
  • Histochemistry
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Electron microscopy
  • Cell culture
  • Molecular pathology
• Morphology


  The study of structural changes in disease

  
• Terminology used in pathology

  • abscess
  • acute
  • adenocarcinoma
  • adenoma
  • apoptosis
  • bacteremia
  • biopsy
  • chronic
  • cyst
  • cytology
  • H & E
  • hematuria
  • hemorrhage
  • malignant
  • meningitis
• Criteria for addiction


  • The substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended
  • There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful effort to cut down or control use of the substance
  • A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance, or recover from its effects
  • If a person keeps using a drug and can't stop, despite negative consequences from using the drug, they have an addiction
  • A person can be dependent on a drug, or have a high tolerance to it, without being addicted to it
• Drug abuse usually refers to the use of a drug to a certain extent and frequency that it causes physical or mental harm to the user or impairs social functioning
• Abuse is considered the mild or early phase of inappropriate drug use that led to dependence
• Drug dependence occurs when someone needs one or more drugs to function
• Dependence


  Refers to both physical and psychological elements
• Psychological dependence


  Refers to the experience of impaired control over drinking or drug use
• Physical dependence


  Refers to tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
• Types of drug dependence

  • Psychological dependence
  • Physical dependence
• Psychological dependence


  When the individual believes that optimal state of well being is achieved only through the actions of the drug<|>May start as a liking for the drug’s effects and may progress to compulsive drug use<|>Intensity may vary from desire to craving<|>Certain degree of psychological dependence accompanies all patterns of self medication<|>Reinforcement is the ability of the drug to produce effects that make the user wish to take it again
• Physical dependence


  An altered physiological state produced by repeated administration of a drug which necessitates the continued presence of the drug to maintain physiological equilibrium<|>Discontinuation of the drug results in a characteristic withdrawal (abstinence) syndrome<|>It is called neuroadaptation
• Examples of drugs causing physical dependence


  • Opioids
  • Barbiturates
  • Alcohol
  • BDZ (CNS depressants)
• Examples of stimulant drugs


  • Amphetamines
  • Cocaine
• Drug abuse is the use of a drug by self medication in a manner and amount that deviates from the approved medical and social patterns in a given culture at a given time
• Social disapproval of the manner and purpose of drug use is associated with drug abuse
• For regulatory agencies, drug abuse refers to the use of an illicit drug
• Drug addiction


  Pattern of compulsive drug use characterised by overwhelming involvement with the use of a drug<|>Procuring the drug and using it takes precedence over other activities<|>Even after rehab, most addicts tend to relapse<|>Physical dependence, though strong impetus for continued use, is not an essential feature of addiction
• Characteristics of addiction


  • Compulsive drug seeking
  • Repetitive drug use, often in the face of known harm
  • Often associated with tolerance
  • Usually involves a withdrawal syndrome
  • Usually involves drug craving and associative cues
• Drug habituation denotes less intensive involvement with the drug