mechanisms

• Substitution reaction


  A reaction in which one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
• Nucleophilic substitution

  A reaction in which a nucleophile is attracted to an electron-deficient carbon atom and replaces an atom or group of atoms on it.
• Nucleophile


  An electron pair donor
• Addition reaction


  A reaction in which two reactants join together to form one product
• Carbocation

  An ion that contains a positively charged carbon atom
• Electrophile is an electron pair acceptor
• Electrophilic addition

  An addition reaction in which the first step is attack by an electrophile on a region of high electron density
• Elimination reaction

  The removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule
• intermediate

  a species formed during a reaction that reacts further and is not present in the final products
• Homolytic fission is when a covalent bond breaks and each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
• Heterolytic fission is when a covalent bond breaks and one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond
• A free radical is a species that contains an unpaired valence electron