Reproductive System

• Genitourinary


  Urinary system and reproductive system
• Female reproductive system external genitalia

  • Mons pubis
  • Labia majora
  • Labia minora
  • Clitoris
  • Vaginal orifice
  • Urethra
  • Skene's glands
  • Bartholin's glands
• Female reproductive system internal genitalia

  • Vagina
  • Uterus
  • Ovaries
  • Fallopian tubes
• Male reproductive system


  • Penis
  • Scrotum
  • Testes
  • Epididymides
  • Urethra
  • Vas deferens
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
• Testes (male gonads)


  • Located within the scrotum
  • Approximately 4 cm long and 2.5 cm wide
  • Contain sperm and hormone producing cells
• Spermatogenesis


  Process of sperm production
• Interstitial cells of the testes


  Produce the male sex hormone testosterone
• Accessory ducts


  • Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
  • Ejaculatory duct
  • Epididymis
• Epididymis


  • Soft, comma shaped structure located on the posterolateral surface of each testis
  • Consists of the tightly coiled ducts
  • Provides a reservoir for storage, maturation, and transport of sperm
• Penis


  • Glans
  • Prepuce (foreskin)
  • Shaft
  • Urethra
• Leydig cells


  Interstitial cells that produce androgens (e.g. testosterone)
• Scrotum


  • The bag of skin that holds & helps to protect the testicles
  • Hangs outside the body, it needs to maintain a slightly lower temp.
  • The testicles make sperm &, to do this, the temp. of the testicles needs to be cooler than the inside of the body
• Seminiferous tubules


  • Contained in the lobes of the testes
  • Produce sperm
• Recording the Findings


  A normal exam should include the following documentation: Circumcised/uncircumcised male (prepuce easily retracts). No penile discharge or lesions. No scrotal swelling or discoloration. Testes descended bilaterally, smooth, no masses. Epididymis nontender. No inguinal or femoral hernias.
• Female reproductive system primary roles

  • Production of ova (eggs)
  • Secretion of hormones
  • Protection and facilitation of the development of the fetus in a pregnant female
• Female reproductive organs


  • Ovaries
  • Fallopian tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • Sex glands (Bartholin's glands and breasts)
  • External genitalia (vulva)
• Ovaries


  • Located on either side of the uterus, just behind and below the fallopian (uterine) tubes
  • Almond-shaped, firm and solid, approximately 0.6 in (1.5 cm) wide and 1.2 in (3 cm) long
  • Functions include ovulation and secretion of the two major reproductive hormones, estrogen and progesterone
• Ovulation


  One ovarian follicle reaches maturity each month during a woman's reproductive years, and the ovum is ovulated, or expelled, from the ovary through the stimulus of the gonadotropic hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Fallopian tubes


  The ovum travels up a fallopian tube where fertilization by sperm may occur, if sperm are present. An ovum can be fertilized up to 72 hours after its release.
• Uterus


  • Pear-shaped, hollow, muscular organ
  • Located between the bladder and the rectum
  • In the mature nulliparous (never pregnant) woman, the uterus is approximately 2.4 to 3.2 in (6 to 8 cm) long and 1.6 in (4 cm) wide
  • The uterine walls consist of an outer serosal layer (perimetrium), a middle muscular layer (myometrium), and an inner mucosal layer (endometrium)
• Vagina


  • A tubular structure 3 to 4 in (7.6 to 10 cm) long that is lined with squamous epithelium
  • Secretions of the vagina consist of cervical mucus, desquamated epithelium, and, during sexual stimulation, a watery secretion
  • Muscular & erectile tissue of the vaginal walls allows enough dilation and contraction to accommodate the passage of the fetus during labor
  • Anterior vaginal wall lies along the urethra and bladder, posterior vaginal wall is adjacent to the rectum
• Pelvis


  • Female pelvis consists of four bones (two pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx) held together by several strong ligaments
  • Sections of these bones that lie below the iliopectineal line are important during birth and are often a factor determining the ability of a woman to deliver a child vaginally
• External genitalia (vulva)


  • Mons pubis
  • Labia majora
  • Labia minora
  • Clitoris
  • Urethral meatus
  • Skene's glands
  • Vaginal introitus (opening)
  • Bartholin's glands
• Mons pubis


  A fatty layer lying over the pubic bone, covered with coarse hair that lies in a triangular pattern
• Labia majora


  Folds of adipose tissue that form the outer borders of the vulva
• Labia minora


  Hairless, form the borders of the vaginal orifice & extend anteriorly to enclose the clitoris, to cover & protect the inner, more delicate & sensitive structures of the vulva
• Vagina


  • Secretions consist of cervical mucus, desquamated epithelium, and watery secretion during sexual stimulation
  • Muscular & erectile tissue allows dilation and contraction to accommodate fetus during labor
  • Anterior wall lies along urethra and bladder, posterior wall is adjacent to rectum
• Female pelvis


  • Consists of four bones (two pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx) held together by ligaments
  • Sections below iliopectineal line are important during birth and can determine ability to deliver vaginally
• Vulva


  Commonly called the external genitalia, consists of mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral meatus, Skene's glands, vaginal introitus, and Bartholin's glands
• Mons pubis


  • Fatty layer over pubic bone, covered in coarse hair in triangular pattern
• Labia majora


  • Folds of adipose tissue forming outer borders of vulva, hairless
• Labia minora


  • Inner folds of skin surrounding vaginal opening, extend to enclose clitoris, protect vaginal and urethral openings
• Vestibule


  • Boat-shaped fossa between labia minora, from clitoris to vaginal opening
• Perineum


  • Area between vagina and anus
• Hymen


  • Membranous tissue surrounding vaginal introitus, separates external genitalia from vagina
• Posterior fourchette


  • Tense band of mucous membrane connecting posterior ends of labia minora
• Clitoris


  • Erectile tissue that becomes engorged during sexual excitation, anterior to urethral meatus and vaginal orifice, usually covered by prepuce, important for sexual activity
• Pelvic exam


  1. Inserting speculum

  2. Performing bimanual examination (palpating walls, ovaries)

  3. Performing rectovaginal examination
• Male reproductive system


  • Examining urethral meatus
  • Palpating testes (assessing size, shape, response to pressure)
  • Palpating prostate gland
• Syphilitic chancre causes a red, painless, eroding lesion with a raised, indurated border, usually appears inside vagina or on external genitalia