LANG CHANGE

• What metaphor is for the english is always changing

  Tide

  
• The idea langauge adapts to needs of users -driven by change

  HALLIDAYS-FUNCTIONAL THEORY

  
• Jean aitchisons metaphor for how english should be preserved

  Crumbling Castle

  
• Which metaphor is change is due to laziness such as poor muscular coordination

  Damp spoon

  
• Suggests langauge change is due to spread like a..

  Infectious disease

  
• Wave model by..


  Bailey-english is spread like am earthquake, a person who is close to the epicenter of the Change will pick it up
• The s curve model which states Language change can occur a slow place, creating the initial curve of the s. And an increase of speed as it becomes more common and accepted into the language. This can then slow down again and level out once it has fully integrated into the language.

  Chen
• Charles hockett-RFT


  Random fluctuation theory is suggestingLanguage is unpredictable as fashions in clothes as he devised A theory based on random errors and events as having an influence on language change, suggesting that these errors occur due to the unstable nature of language itself.
• Language gets learned incorrectly and these imperfections get passed on into future generations.

  Substratum theory
• Who wrote the first dictionary to standardise english?

  Samuel Johnson between 1747 and 1755.
• Sapir-whorf linguistic determination is

  Ones language reflects their way of thinking.
• The prescriptive John honey believes.


  Standards of english are falling.
• The prescriptive Jonathan Swift also states that the english language needs saving.
• Synchronic change


  Change occurring a fixed point on moment in time.
• Diachronic change.


  Change occurring over historical time.
• Drivers of change


  Travel due to war and colonialism

  Leisure industries bring new langauge
• More borrowing and loan words
• Changes in public attitudes make lexical choices more acceptable


  Ex,racism and gender
• Humphreys and crystal texts 


  Examine text speech
• From what century did we manage to standardise english

  18th
• The 18th century is also known as the 


  Late modern period
• Reasons are


  There was greater orthographic variations before the 18thc based on regional accent
• Mechanisation and mass production led to 


  Printing press
• Greater use of dictionairys formalised language
• The syntax of sentences 


  Shortened eg,use of do to construct questions
• Use of commas and

  Semicolons became more rigid
• English is now conversational and Informal
• Amelioration 


  Words meaning become more positive
• Prejoration 


  Words meanings become more negative
• Term for when Words have wider range of meanings

  Broadening
• Chens model suggests


  no change made can ever be 100% effective, as there will always be some people who resist change or who don’t adopt changes.
• Aitchisons pidc model

  Potential – there is the gap or potential for change. Implementation – the change occurs. Diffusion – the change spreads. Codification – the change is made official (e.g. being added to the dictionary).
• He says that when someone makes an error (a ‘random fluctuation’ in the standard), these errors can be standardised and recognised as somewhat synonymous. Who said this

  Hocket
• Is aitchison a descriptivist or prescriptivist

  Descriptivist
• Example of Substratum change

  British English saw an increase in the use of ‘like’ as an intensifier as a result of American English use of it on TV shows like FRIENDS.
• Initialising 


  Forming a word which is said as the individual letters formed of the initials from what it is describing. For example, ‘BBC’ for the ‘British Broadcasting Corporation’.
• Neosemic is 


  When a word has a new meaning for ex.the term gay changed
• What is the term for a word that gains a specific meaning

  Narrowing
• According to Chen, what factor means that no change ever be 100% effective?

  Lack of uptake
• 2 ways halliday believe lexical shifts work

  Functional shifts, lexical gaps