Chapter 5,9,11

• Infants 0 - 2

  Humans in their earliest periods of life. Afraid of falling and loud noises. Need

  to be handled gently, securely and spoken to in a low, soothing voice.
• Children 1- 3 yrs

  Developing their sense of right and wrong. Have a concept of property. May be beginning to behave in a sociably acceptable manner. They can speak, make sentences and follow instructions.
• Children 3 - 12 yrs

  Developed the concept of SELF. Now have a social life. Willing to postpone instant gratification for future gain. Good communication. Higher pain tolerance.
• Adolescents 13 - 20yrs

  Want to be independent but lack the proper skill set. At a "Turning point" in life having to make career decisions. Have close relationships with their peers. If under 18 will still need a legal guardian.
• Adults 21- 45 yrs


  Fully responsible for themselves and others. In a period of productive and creative effort. Overly concerned about their health in the event of a life-threatening disease. Easier to communicate with and follow instructions well.
• Middle Age 45 - 65 yrs


  Settled into sharing their life with others. Their children are now becoming independent. May seek a greater role in community affairs and also travel or seek other diversions apart from family.
• Senior Citizens 65 - Older

  The fastest growing segment of this country's population is over 85. Of the 85 70% are women. The majority suffer from osteoporosis, diabetes, arthritis, Alzheimer's, cancer, and heart and vascular diseases. Still productive citizens. May be difficult to communicate with. Need to be treated with care and respect.
• The very old and very young

  They both are susceptible to abuse that may be physical, financial, or psychological.
• Safety precaution when a patient is under your care

  1. Practice high-quality radiographic techniques.

  2. Prevent the spread of disease to others.

  3. Prevent hazardous or crippling complications of injuries or illnesses.

  4. Alleviate suffering by comforting the patient and preventing emotional complications.

  5. Provide the service as economically and as timely as possible.
• 7 safety precautions when moving patients

  1. Position your body correctly before moving or lifting.

  2. Place feet far enough apart to maintain proper balance and a base of support.

  3. Hold the patient as close as possible to centralize the overall weight being moved. 4. Stoop and keep your back straight.

  5. Slide rather than lift if possible.

  6. When a patient is too heavy ask for help.

  7. When moving with 2 or more people, move in unison.
• External Preparation


  making sure any item or clothing on the exterior of the patient is removed if possible before an x-ray is taken
• Internal Preperation


  making sure any internal items or fluids, or fecal matter is removed if possible before and X-ray
• Barium Sulfate


  Contrast used for Esophagrams
• Air


  Contrast use for Cardiograms / Chest X-rays
• Iodine


  Contrast used for Excretory Urography. provided contrast between Orans and blood vessels.
• 3 reasons to perform headwork imaging.

  1. To locate fractures

  2. Locate foreign bodies

  3. Examine abnormalities
• 3 reasons to perform thoracic imaging

  1. To evaluate fluid in the lungs

  2. Evaluate overexpansion

  3. Evaluate tumors & heart enlargement
• 5 reasons to perform spinal imaging

  1. To evaluate arthritis of the spine

  2. Abnormal curvatures

  3. Muscle spasms

  4. Slipped vertebrae

  5. Trauma studies of the cervical spine
• Upper Gastrointestinal series


  This is a study of the stomach performed with the use of Barium Sulfate swallowed by the patient. This procedure allows a radiologist to visualize and evaluate hernias, peptic ulcers, and other stomach disorders.
• Barium Enema.


  This is the examination of the colon. A barium solution is introduced into the colon. This allows the radiologist to visualize abnormalities such as diverticula and polyps.
• 2 names for an Excretory Urogrpahy

  1. Intravenous Urography

  2. Intravenous pyelography
• 3 structures highlighted by contrast in urinary system studies

  1. Kidneys

  2. Ureters

  3. Bladder
• ERCP


  Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiographic Pancreatography
• (ERCP) Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiographic Pancreatography

  performed to diagnose anomalies in the binary system or pancreas.
• Angiogram


  a procedure used to view blood flow through an artery or vein
• 2 most common joints involved in an Arthrogram

  1. Knee

  2. Shoulder
• HSG


  Hysterosalpingogram
• (HSG) Hysterosalpingogram


  evaluates the uterus and fallopian tubes. Looking at the shape and potency of the oviducts.
• Mammogram


  a radiographic study of the breast. The breast is compressed to allow for maximum visualization.
• 2 radiographic modalities that are usually used in tandem with a Myelogram

  fluoroscope, CT, OR MRI
• Myelogram


  an examination of the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord.
• techniques of effective communication

  verbal communication, facial expressions, body language, Attitude, tone of voice, appearance & dress.
• 2 types of torts

  1. Intentional

  2. Unintentional
• 3 examples of intentional misconduct

  1. Civil assault - threatening verbiage or language

  2. Civil battery - unauthorized touching

  3. False imprisonment - unnecessarily confining or restraining the patient without the patient's
• 3 conditions that must be met for valid consent

  1. Legal age and mentally competent

  2. Voluntary consent

  3. Adequately informed about the medical care being recommended
• Plantiff


  the injured person bringing the suit
• Defendant


  The person being sued
• Adolescents


  A teenager
• Antiseptics


  Substances that proven to retard the growth of microorganisms
• Body Mechanics


  Action of the muscles in producing body motion or posture.