FRAMEWORKS

• 3 TYPES OF FRAMEWORK OF ETHICS


  -metaethics

  -normative ethics

  -applied ethics
• Metaethics


  -foundation of morality
• Normative ethics


  -studies how man ought to act
• Applied ethics


  -examines specific, controversial moral issues
• Grounding problem


  the search for a foundation for our moral belief, something solid that would make them true in a way that is clear, objective and unmoving.
• Moral Realism


  The belief that there are moral facts, in the same way that there are scientific facts.

  Gut intuition tells us that there are moral facts.
• 2 TYPES OF MORAL REALISM

  -Moral Absolutism

  -Moral Relativism
• Moral Anti-Realism


  There are no moral facts only moral attitudes
• Moral Absolutism


  -An ethical belief that there are absolute standards against which moral questions can be judged

  -There are moral facts that don’t change regardless of the culture or circumstances.
• Moral Relativism


  -More than one moral position on a given topic can be correct.
• 2 types of moral relativism

  -Descriptive Cultural Relativism

  -Normative Cultural Relativism
• Descriptive Cultural Relativism


  People’s moral beliefs differ from culture to culture.
• Normative Cultural Relativism


  It’s not the beliefs but moral facts differ from culture to culture.
• Moral Anti-Realism


  The belief that moral proposition doesn’t refer to objective features of the world at all.
• Moral Subjectivism


  -Moral standards can be true or false, right or wrong but they refer only to people’s attitude rather than action.

  -There are no moral facts only moral attitudes.
• Ethical Theories


  the moral foundations to come up with consistent answers to right and wrong
• Natural Law Theory


  Rules on the starting assumption that God created the universe according to well-ordered plan
• Utilitarianism


  Relies on the starting assumption that all being share a common desire and seek pleasure and avoid pain.
• Normative Ethics


  -studies how human ought to act morally

  -prescribing ethics.
• Three Theories under Normative Ethics

  -Deontology

  -Teleology

  -Virtue Ethics
• Deontology


  Rule and obligation based theory

  Also called as non-consequentialism.
• Teleology


  An outcome-based theory. It determines the moral value of action as morally right if favorable consequences are greater than its adverse outcomes.
• Human end goals of Teleology

  Intellectualism

  Hedonism

  Egoism

  Eudaimonism

  Utilitarianism
• Virtue Ethics


  -A character-based theory that implies what is the intention or benefit of the action.

  -The choice of an individual could be either and both considered equally good.
• Applied Ethics


  Attempts to determine the ethically correct course of action in specific realm of human action
• Five areas of applied Ethics


  -bioethics

  -environmental ethics

  -sexual ethics

  -business ethics

  -social ethics
• Socrates


  Believed in the existence of objective ethical standards.

  Coined himself as a “gadfly” because he is an annoying person.
• Human actions aim toward the good in accordance with purpose in nature


  -No one chooses evil, no one chooses to act in ignorance.

  -We seek the good but fail to achieve it by ignorance or lack of knowledge.

  -No one would intentionally harm themselves
• Three Dialogues

  • The Euthydemus
  • The Symposium
  • The Republic
• The Euthydemus


  Happiness is what all people desire since it’s the end goal of our activity. (Unconditional goods)

  Happiness does not depend on external things but how those external things are USED.

  Misuse of it will lead to worse situation far from happiness.

  We need to use wisdom to distinguish the right desire to be fulfilled.
• The Symposium


  In a dinner party held by Eros (the God of love and desire)he asked his three friends to say something about him
• Three friends of Eros

  • Dr. Eryximachus
  • Playwriter Aristophanes
  • Socrates
• Dr. Eryximachus

  • Above all gods, he is capable of bringing us happiness.
  • He is a force which gives life to all living things including human desires and the source of all goodness.
• Playwriter Aristophanes

  • Eros is a helper of mankind.
  • He is a force which seeks to reunite human being after the split to male and female opposites.
• Socrates

  • Eros has a darker side.
  • He is representing desire and he is constantly longing and never completely satisfied.
  • He is not a full god because it takes divinity to be a god.
• (SOCRATES) Rapture of Epiphany

  • The power of desire begins by sending physical pleasure but it can be retrained to pursue higher things of mind.
  • When we come up to this retraining, our soul will find complete satisfaction.
• The Republic

  • Socrates wants to prove that the just person is happier than the unjust person.
  • Socrates has Three Arguments
• Three Argument of Socrates

  #1 What is happiness?

  #2 Relationship between Pleasure and Happiness

  #3 Relativity of Pleasure
• What is happiness?

  • analogy between health in body and justice in soul
  • health is harmony among different parts of the body
  • justice is harmony among parts of person's soul
• Injustice


  civil war between parts of the soul