Kingdom Monera

• All prokaryotes; represented by the smallest organisms on earth.
• Nuclei: not organized with nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, chromatin fibers, and nucleoli.
• Cells typically membrane-bound organelles.
• The photosynthetic pigments: chromatophores, which can be compared with a single lamella of a granum in the plastids (chloroplasts) of algae and higher plants.
• The respiratory enzymes; infoldings of the plasma membrane called ‘mesosomes’.
• Nutrition absorptive, chemosynthetic, photoheterotrophic, or photoautotrophic.
• The monerans possess cell walls (except mycoplasmas and some archaebacteria)
• Cell wall is ‘peptidoglycan’ except archaebacteria in which the main constituent is thought to be usually proteinaceous.
• Flagella, if present, are 8 stranded lacking 9 + 2 arrangement; each strand is made up of a protein named flagellin.
• Ribosomes distributed in cytoplasm having 70 sedimentation coefficients/ Svedberg units (70S) as VS 80 sedimentation 80S in other organisms
• Monerans reproduce asexually, they lack true sexual reproduction.
• The mode of recombination of hereditary characters is attributed to alternative pathways of sexuality
• Parasexuality: does not involve meiosis/fertilization; transformation, conjugation, transduction, and mutation.