Wk 2

• Attitudes


  Evaluative statements - either favorable or unfavorable - about objects, people, or events. They reflect how we feel about something.
• Components of an attitude

  • Cognitive
  • Affective
  • Behavioral
• Attitudes


  Determine what people do
• Cognitive dissonance


  Any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes
• People seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior
• Attitude-behavior relationship


  • Stronger if an attitude refers to something with which we have direct personal experience
  • Moderated by attitude's importance, correspondence to behavior, accessibility, presence of social pressures, and whether a person has direct experience with the attitude
• Major job attitudes


  • Job satisfaction
  • Job involvement
  • Psychological empowerment
  • Organizational commitment
  • Perceived organizational support
  • Employee engagement
• Job satisfaction


  A positive feeling about the job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics
• Worst jobs of 2016 for job satisfaction

  • Based on physical demands, work environment, income, stress, and hiring outlook
• Approaches for measuring job satisfaction


  • Single global rating
  • Summation of job facets
• Over the last 30 years, employees in the U.S. and most developed countries have generally been satisfied with their jobs, but with the recent economic downturn, more workers are less satisfied
• Satisfaction levels differ depending on the job facet involved, and there are cultural differences in job satisfaction
• Average job satisfaction levels by facet

  • Pay
  • Promotion
  • Supervision
  • Fringe benefits
  • Contingent rewards
  • Operating procedures
  • Coworkers
  • Nature of work
• Average levels of employee job satisfaction by country

  • United States
  • United Kingdom
  • Germany
  • Japan
  • China
• Causes of job satisfaction

  • Job conditions (intrinsic nature of work, social interactions, supervision)
  • Personality (core self-evaluations)
  • Corporate social responsibility
• Average pay in job

  Job satisfaction of employees in that job
• Corporate social responsibility (CSR) increasingly affects employee job satisfaction, particularly for Millennials, but not everyone finds value in CSR
• Outcomes of job satisfaction

  • Job performance
  • Organizational citizenship behavior
  • Customer satisfaction
  • Life satisfaction
• Employee responses to dissatisfaction

  • Voice
  • Loyalty
  • Neglect
  • Exit
• Counterproductive work behavior (CWB)

  Actions that actively damage the organization, including stealing, behaving aggressively toward coworkers, or being late or absent
• The more satisfied you are, the less likely you are to miss work
• A pattern of lowered job satisfaction is the best predictor of intent to leave
• Managers often "don't get it" when it comes to employee job satisfaction
• Examples of intrinsically motivated behaviors include playing sports, solving puzzles, and engaging in creative activities.
• Intrinsic motivation is the desire to do something because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable.
• The three types of motivation are intrinsic, extrinsic, and social.
• Intrinsic motivation refers to doing something because we enjoy it, not because we expect an external reward.
• People who have high levels of self-efficacy believe they can perform well at their jobs.
• Employees who enjoy their jobs tend to be happier with their lives overall.
• Job crafting refers to employees taking initiative to change aspects of their job to better suit their interests and abilities.
• Self-efficacy is related to higher performance ratings from supervisors and lower turnover rates among employees.
• Motivation refers to what drives people to behave as they do.
• Job crafting can lead to higher levels of job satisfaction and engagement.
• People can be driven by their own internal desires (intrinsic) or external rewards/punishments (extrinsic).
• Social motivations involve doing things that benefit others.
• Social motivation involves being influenced by others, such as wanting to fit in with our peers.
• Extrinsic motivation occurs when people engage in behavior because they want some kind of reward or avoid punishment.
• Self-efficacy is the belief that one has the ability to succeed in performing certain tasks and reaching goals.