exam practice - work sheet

• list the structure of the respiratory system?

  nose, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli
• 1st step of respiration process?

  air is drawn in by the nose and mouth and is warmed in these structures
• 2nd step of respiration process?

  air moves through the pharynx and past the larynx (voice box)
• 3rd step of respiration process?

  air moves down the trachea
• 4th step of respiration process?

  trachea divides into two bronchiole tubes. one bronchus goes to each lung
• 5th step of respiration process?

  bronchus divides into small bronchioles and eventually end in small air sacs called alveoli (3mill alveoli)
• 6th step of respiration process?

  alveoli have thin walls and are covered in capillaries carrying blood. oxygen [asses through the thing walls of the alveoli to the blood and c02 moves into opposite direction (from blood to alveoli)
• 7th step of respiration process?

  air in the lungs which is now in c02 is exhaled
• what is inspiration?

  air movement from atmosphere into the lungs (breathing in)
• what is expiration?

  air movement from the lungs to the atmosphere (breathing out)
• function of body when inspiration is occurring?

  diaphragm contracts and flattens as intercoastal muscles (between ribs) lift the ribs outwards and upwards. Movement increases volume of chest cavity and pulls walls of lungs outwards which decreases ir pressure within lungs -> air from outside body rushes into lungs through air passages
• what is the function of the body expiration occurs?

  diaphragm releases and moves upwards as intercoastal muscles allow ribs to return to resting position. volume of chest decreases which increases air pressure inside lungs. air is forced out to make pressure inside and outside equal.
• Inspiration

  The alveoli are supplied with fresh air that is high in oxygen content and low in carbon dioxide
• Blood in the capillaries arriving at the alveoli

  Low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide content
• The different concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air result in a pressure difference
• Gases movement


  Move from areas of high concentration or pressure to areas of low concentration or pressure
• Oxygen movement


  Moves from the air in the alveoli across the alveolar–capillary wall into the blood, where it attaches itself to haemoglobin in the red blood cells
• Carbon dioxide movement

  Unloaded from the blood into the alveoli across the alveolar–capillary wall to be breathed out
• Exchange of gases (or gaseous exchange)

  Two-way diffusion
• Exchange of gases, using the same principle

  Occurs between blood in the capillaries of the arterial system and the cells of the body
• Oxygen unloading


  Oxygen is unloaded to the cells
• Carbon dioxide release


  Carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism is given up to the blood
• Deoxygenated blood


  Blood that is high in carbon dioxide content
• Deoxygenated blood movement


  Carried back to the lungs where it unloads carbon dioxide
• what is the two way diffusion

  C02 from blood -> alveoli -> breathed out & 02 breathed in -> alveoli -> blood
• what effect does breathing have on physical activity?

  rate and depth moderatly increases before exercise due to nerves & rate and depth rapdily increase once exercise starts ; increased intesnity = instenisty increased ventilation
• During physical activity


  The body's higher demand for oxygen triggers a response from our respiratory system
• Respiratory system response to higher oxygen demand

  1. Increased rates of breathing

  2. Increased volumes of air moving in and out of the lungs

  3. Deliver more oxygen to the blood

  4. Remove wastes
• During physical activity

  Blood flow to the lungs has been increased as a result of the circulatory system's own response to the exercise
• Physical activity


  • Brings about a number of immediate adjustments in the working of the respiratory system
• Respiratory system adjustments before exercise

  1. Rate and depth of breathing often increase moderately

  2. Body's nervous activity is increased in anticipation of the exercise
• Respiratory system adjustments during exercise

  1. Rate and depth of breathing increase rapidly

  2. Stimulation of the sensory receptors in the body's joints as a result of the movement

  3. Increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the blood triggers greater respiratory activity
• Increased rate (frequency) and depth (tidal volume or TV) of breathing


  Provide greater ventilation and occur in proportion to increases in the exercise effort (workload on the body)