BECE MODULE 1

• Electronics


  The science of how to control electric energy, energy which the electrons have a fundamental role
• Electronics


  Deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistor, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive electrical components and interconnection technologies
• Electric charge


  A fundamental property of matter that even physicist don't totally understand
• Matter


  A substance made up of various types of particles that occupies physical space and has inertia
• Electric Current


  The flow of the electric charge carried by electrons as they jump from atom to atom
• Conductors


  Atoms that let current flow easily
• Insulators


  Atoms that don't let current flow
• Electrical Wires


  • Made of both conductors and insulators
  • Inside the wire is a conductor, such as copper or aluminum
  • The conductor provides a channel for the electric current to flow through
  • Surrounding the conductor is an outer layer of insulator
• Insulators


  • Prevent from touching wire when current is flowing, thus preventing from being the recipient of a nasty shock
  • Prevent the conductor inside the wire from touching each other
• Short circuit


  Occurs when the conductors are allowed to touch
• Electric Circuit


  A closed loop made of conductors and other electrical elements through which electric current can flow
• The Baghdad Battery is believed to be from this period

  Around 250 BCE to CE 250
• Baghdad Battery


  • A clay jar with a stopper made of asphalt
  • An iron rod surrounded by a copper cylinder
  • When filled with vinegar or any other electrolytic solution, it produces an electric current
• Thomas Edison


  An American inventor who pointed out that when the whole field of electronics was invented in 1883, electrical devices had already been around for at least 100 years
• Thomas Edison's key inventions


  • Light bulb and electric utility system
  • Recorded sound
  • Motion pictures
  • Alkaline family of storage batteries
• Benjamin Franklin


  • Flew kites in thunderstorms more than 100 years before
  • Suggested the use of lightning rods to redirect electricity away from buildings to keep them from burning down
  • Identified the electrical charge in a Leyden Jar as being the same as lightning
• Alessandro Volta


  • Invented electric batteries in 1800
  • The common term volt is named for him
• Samuel Morse


  • Invented the first electric telegraph in the 1830s and popularized in America
  • Invented the famous Morse Code used to encode the alphabet and numerical into a series
  • In 1886, a telegraph cable was laid across the Atlantic Ocean, allowing instantaneous communication between the United State and Europe
• Electronics


  A branch of physics and electrical engineering that deals with the emission, behavior, and effects of electrons and with electronic devices
• Electrical Devices


  Take the energy of electric current and transform it in simple ways into some other form of energy, like light, heat or motion
• Electronic Devices


  Manipulate the electrical current itself to coax it into doing interesting and useful things
• Resistor


  A passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element
• Resistor


  • Used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines
• Capacitor


  A device that stores electrical energy in an electric field
• Capacitor


  • A passive electronic component with two terminals
  • The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance
  • Some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors
• Diode


  A two-terminal electronic component that only conducts current in one direction
• Ideal Diode


  • Will have zero resistance in one direction, and infinite resistance in the reverse direction
• Light Emitting Diode (LED)


  A semiconductor light source that emits light when current flow through it
• Light Emitting Diode (LED)


  • Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons
• Transistor


  A semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power
• Transistor


  • Composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit
  • Base: responsible for activating the transistor
  • Collector: the positive lead
  • Emitter: the negative lead
• Inductor


  Also called a coil, choke, or reactor, it is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it
• Inductor


  • Typically consisting of an insulated wire wound into a coil around a core
• Integrated Circuits (ICs)


  Also known as monolithic integrated circuit, also referred to as a chip or a microchip