1.6

• Issues


  • Ethical
  • Legal
  • Cultural
  • Environmental
• Ethical issues


  About what would be considered right and wrong by society
• Legal issues


  About what's actually right and wrong in the eyes of the law
• Cultural issues


  About how groups of people with particular beliefs, practices or languages may be affected
• Environmental issues


  About how we impact the natural world
• Selfies


  • Smartphone cameras and social media allow us to share them easily
  • Could be a sign people are becoming more attention-seeking and self-obsessed through social media
• Viral


  A word used to describe videos, images or messages on the Internet which have rapidly spread over social media, seen by millions of people
• Social media and blogging websites

  • Allow people to publish writing, art or other media
  • Can give a voice to groups of people who might have been ignored by mainstream media
• Streaming services


  Have allowed their customers to listen and watch media for less money, generally through a subscription service
• Some aren't happy with streaming services, as they can't afford it
• Sharing economy


  The name given to services which use new technology to let people make money from things they already own
• Sharing economy services are cheap, but draw away customers from taxis firms, hotel owners, and more. May also be more risky for sharers and customers
• Unequal access


  Created by the fact that some people have greater access to technology than others
• Global divide


  Created by the fact that level of access to technology is different in different countries. Has increased the inequality between poorer and richer countries
• Projects have been made to tackle digital and global divides, such as improving Internet coverage in rural areas
• Electronic devices


  • Contain lots of raw materials like plastics, precious metals, etc.
  • Extracting these materials uses lots of energy, creates pollution and depletes scarce natural resources
• Electricity


  • Made using non-renewable resources
  • Extracting materials and producing electricity causes lots of pollution, such as greenhouse gases
• Computers and servers


  • Generate heat and require cooling
  • Very power hungry and need AC rooms to keep them cool, uses more energy and pollution
  • Servers only use small portion of their processing power, so waste lots of energy
• 1. waste


  The world creates 20-50 million tonnes of e-waste every year
• Modern devices have a very short life, since they break or people want to upgrade
• Device manufacturers and retailers are part of the e-waste problem, with short warranties, marketing to convince people, and policies that make it cheaper to replace than to repair
• WEEE directive


  Has rules for disposing of e-waste safely, and promoting reuse and recycling
• Lots of e-waste is sent to African and Asian countries where regulations are less strict, and most ends up in landfill, harming the environment
• Life cycle of a computer

  • Mining for raw materials
  • Manufacture
  • Purchase and use
  • Recycling centre
  • Reprocessing plant
• Environmental damage from computers


  • Mining raw materials leads to contamination and erosion
  • Plastics damage the environment if not recycled
  • Gas and coal are needed to power factories, diesel is needed to transport raw materials, parts and final products
• Fairphone


  • Modular phone designed so the user can replace parts, making it last longer and create less waste
  • Offers repair tutorials to increase how long the phone can work for
  • Responsible sources materials
• Lithium batteries can catch fire and may be hard to recover, and if components cost too much to recover they go to landfill
• Mining materials damages the environment
• Ways to reduce the environmental impact of computers


  • Make devices that can be fixed with modular components
  • Use removable batteries
  • Use modern recycling facilities
• Data protection


  Looking after the personal data of people
• Data Protection Act (2018)


  The law that covers data protection in the UK
• Reasons for lawful data processing


  • Consent
  • Legal obligation
  • Public task
  • Contract
  • Vital interests
  • Legitimate interests
• Data collection


  • Only collect the data for a specific purpose
  • Make sure the data is accurate
  • Do not collect data that is not necessary for the specific purpose
• Data storage


  • Keep the data accurate and up to date
  • Do not keep it any longer than necessary
  • Do not transfer it to other countries unless they can keep it protected
  • Customers must be told of a data breach within 72 hours
• Methods of securing data

  • Using passwords
  • Encrypting the data
  • Only allowing access to those users that need it
  • CCTV
  • Security guards
  • Two-factor authentication
• Rights under the Data Protection Act (2018)


  • The right to view data stored about you for free
  • Consent required for marketing
  • The right to withdraw consent
  • The right to make changes to inaccurate data
  • The right to be forgotten
• Penalties for data protection breaches

  Issuing warnings<|>Ordering the organisation to comply<|>Fines up to 4% of company turnover or €20 million
• Every time you log on to a website or use your phone, data about your activity is collected and stored
• Privacy online


  Many online services are free, paid for by targeted advertising
• Computer Misuse Act (1990)

  Created offences of unauthorised access to computer material, unauthorised access with intent to commit a crime, unauthorised modification of software or data, and making/supplying tools for computer misuse